{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392192782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","title":"Detecting SQL injection attacks by binary gray wolf optimizer and machine learning algorithms","display_name":"Detecting SQL injection attacks by binary gray wolf optimizer and machine learning algorithms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392192782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028377757","display_name":"Bahman Arasteh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-6315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146367977","display_name":"Applied Science Private University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ah6nb52","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146367977"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121333","display_name":"Istinye University","ror":"https://ror.org/03081nz23","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"]}],"countries":["JO","TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bahman Arasteh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan","Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-6315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146367977"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025423026","display_name":"Babak Aghaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110525433","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzn7k21","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Babak Aghaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Malekan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malekan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Malekan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malekan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094011494","display_name":"Behnoud Farzad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Behnoud Farzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Seraj Institute, Tabriz, Azarbaijan Province, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Seraj Institute, Tabriz, Azarbaijan Province, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084217193","display_name":"Keyvan Arasteh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-6439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121333","display_name":"Istinye University","ror":"https://ror.org/03081nz23","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keyvan Arasteh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047294045","display_name":"Farzad Kiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0354-9344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146544","display_name":"Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mma4681","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146544"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Kiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Application and Research Center (VEBIM), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Application and Research Center (VEBIM), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146544"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075404899","display_name":"Mahsa Torkamanian-Afshar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahsa Torkamanian-Afshar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Topkapi University, 34087, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Topkapi University, 34087, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025423026","https://openalex.org/A5028377757","https://openalex.org/A5047294045","https://openalex.org/A5075404899","https://openalex.org/A5084217193","https://openalex.org/A5094011494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I146367977","https://openalex.org/I4210121333","https://openalex.org/I4210146544","https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":26.11,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9958506,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"12","first_page":"6771","last_page":"6792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9476000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8463572263717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6664401292800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6482682228088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql-injection","display_name":"SQL injection","score":0.6335455179214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5975794196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql","display_name":"SQL","score":0.5820496082305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5505448579788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5077661275863647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4586044251918793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4450485110282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.44147735834121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40406277775764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.28274765610694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-by-example","display_name":"Query by Example","score":0.16071897745132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.14400053024291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.1062774658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08256751298904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.0800069272518158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8463572263717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6664401292800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6482682228088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150451098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506059","display_name":"SQL injection","level":5,"score":0.6335455179214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5975794196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.5820496082305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5505448579788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5077661275863647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4586044251918793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4450485110282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.44147735834121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40406277775764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.28274765610694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.16071897745132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.14400053024291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.1062774658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08256751298904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.0800069272518158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acikerisim.fsm.edu.tr:11352/4749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11352/4749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400556","display_name":"DSpace@FSM (FSM Vakif University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210146544","host_organization_name":"Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146544"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09429-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392192782.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40327287","https://openalex.org/W1658853941","https://openalex.org/W1927407690","https://openalex.org/W1952441874","https://openalex.org/W1982746004","https://openalex.org/W2003115932","https://openalex.org/W2008857097","https://openalex.org/W2009977820","https://openalex.org/W2020737857","https://openalex.org/W2028518649","https://openalex.org/W2038167710","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2062466655","https://openalex.org/W2064703126","https://openalex.org/W2071494435","https://openalex.org/W2137856385","https://openalex.org/W2147906352","https://openalex.org/W2288652276","https://openalex.org/W2613291502","https://openalex.org/W2621647126","https://openalex.org/W2625610608","https://openalex.org/W3119059296","https://openalex.org/W3184859223","https://openalex.org/W4242751444","https://openalex.org/W4294608547","https://openalex.org/W4303834025","https://openalex.org/W4315491102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107810407","https://openalex.org/W2571113418","https://openalex.org/W2359391484","https://openalex.org/W4206678297","https://openalex.org/W3196457791","https://openalex.org/W2133089983","https://openalex.org/W3202423697","https://openalex.org/W4385682279","https://openalex.org/W4372049114","https://openalex.org/W2915735776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"SQL":[1,24,105,215],"injection":[2,25,106,216],"is":[3,57,65,84],"one":[4],"of":[5,68,81,92,120,133,145,174,184,202,207,232,239],"the":[6,21,41,53,66,70,87,93,112,126,134,141,146,175,182,185,199,208,213,230,240],"important":[7],"security":[8],"issues":[9],"in":[10,40],"web":[11],"applications":[12],"because":[13],"it":[14],"allows":[15],"an":[16,46,58,100,189],"attacker":[17],"to":[18,44,85,103,139,179,194],"interact":[19],"with":[20,49,165],"application's":[22],"database.":[23],"attacks":[26,107,197],"can":[27],"be":[28,38],"detected":[29],"using":[30],"machine":[31,156],"learning":[32,157],"algorithms.":[33,158],"The":[34,78,148,205,226],"effective":[35,55,76,101,143,190,242],"features":[36,56,122,144,183],"should":[37],"employed":[39],"training":[42,71,117,163],"stage":[43],"develop":[45],"optimal":[47,50,150],"classifier":[48,193],"accuracy.":[51],"Identifying":[52],"most":[54,75,142,241],"NP-complete":[59],"combinatorial":[60],"optimization":[61],"problem.":[62],"Feature":[63],"selection":[64],"process":[67],"selecting":[69,237],"dataset's":[72],"smallest":[73],"and":[74,90,187,191,223],"features.":[77,243],"main":[79,200],"objective":[80],"this":[82,98,203],"study":[83],"enhance":[86],"accuracy,":[88,220],"precision,":[89,222],"sensitivity":[91],"SQLi":[94,162,196],"detection":[95,234],"method.":[96],"In":[97,111,125],"study,":[99],"method":[102,228],"detect":[104,195],"has":[108],"been":[109],"proposed.":[110],"first":[113],"stage,":[114,128],"a":[115,160],"specific":[116],"dataset":[118,164],"consisting":[119],"13":[121,166],"was":[123],"prepared.":[124],"second":[127],"two":[129,170],"different":[130,155,171],"binary":[131,172],"versions":[132,173],"Gray-Wolf":[135],"algorithm":[136],"were":[137,152],"developed":[138],"select":[140,181],"dataset.":[147],"created":[149],"datasets":[151],"used":[153],"by":[154,236],"Creating":[159],"new":[161],"numeric":[167],"features,":[168],"developing":[169],"gray":[176],"wolf":[177],"optimizer":[178],"optimally":[180],"dataset,":[186],"creating":[188],"efficient":[192],"are":[198],"contributions":[201],"study.":[204],"results":[206],"conducted":[209],"tests":[210],"indicate":[211],"that":[212],"proposed":[214,227],"detector":[217],"obtain":[218],"99.68%":[219],"99.40%":[221],"98.72%":[224],"sensitivity.":[225],"increases":[229],"efficiency":[231],"attack":[233],"methods":[235],"20%":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-12-31T23:11:33.660297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
