{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167816005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","title":"Towards human distance estimation using a thermal sensor array","display_name":"Towards human distance estimation using a thermal sensor array","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167816005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","mag":"3167816005","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34149190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011236280","display_name":"Abdallah Naser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5969-1756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xyxjd90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Naser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006193695","display_name":"Ahmad Lotfi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-6565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xyxjd90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Lotfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112648618","display_name":"Joni Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joni Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011236280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.2595,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81753493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"32","first_page":"23357","last_page":"23367"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.7361348867416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6604615449905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5411587953567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5288675427436829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.41686320304870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3240511417388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18009382486343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17081254720687866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7361348867416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6604615449905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5411587953567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5288675427436829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.41686320304870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3240511417388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18009382486343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17081254720687866}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34149190","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34149190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computing & applications","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/91417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/91417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:43081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/43081/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8204928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8204928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Comput Appl","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-06193-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311701","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xyxjd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319941","display_name":"Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ygmq230"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167816005.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167816005.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605510164","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1975705822","https://openalex.org/W1994176826","https://openalex.org/W1999621311","https://openalex.org/W2046679149","https://openalex.org/W2069962612","https://openalex.org/W2097507524","https://openalex.org/W2120985204","https://openalex.org/W2153610887","https://openalex.org/W2166595512","https://openalex.org/W2169316853","https://openalex.org/W2180097222","https://openalex.org/W2276866622","https://openalex.org/W2320170737","https://openalex.org/W2320618658","https://openalex.org/W2543397440","https://openalex.org/W2770678474","https://openalex.org/W2790700562","https://openalex.org/W2807453048","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2899374650","https://openalex.org/W2909694274","https://openalex.org/W2913066864","https://openalex.org/W2938868270","https://openalex.org/W2944588740","https://openalex.org/W3005306558","https://openalex.org/W3017235690","https://openalex.org/W3035604302","https://openalex.org/W3046564983","https://openalex.org/W3081974973","https://openalex.org/W3082766195","https://openalex.org/W3203176224","https://openalex.org/W4230169327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125536267","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2274645452","https://openalex.org/W1999706086","https://openalex.org/W2521753262","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"distance":[1,43,87,109,145,189],"estimation":[2,180],"is":[3,154],"essential":[4],"in":[5,10,69,156,178,187],"many":[6],"vital":[7],"applications,":[8,21],"specifically,":[9],"human":[11,50,149],"localisation-based":[12],"systems,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"independent":[16],"living":[17],"for":[18,88],"older":[19],"adults":[20],"and":[22,49,72,104,114,181],"making":[23],"places":[24],"safe":[25],"through":[26,33,129],"preventing":[27],"the":[28,42,86,135,142],"transmission":[29],"of":[30,126,172],"contagious":[31],"diseases":[32],"social":[34],"distancing":[35],"alert":[36],"systems.":[37],"Previous":[38],"approaches":[39],"to":[40,84,141,147],"estimate":[41,85],"between":[44],"a":[45,81,93,102,122,130,138,168],"reference":[46],"sensing":[47],"device":[48],"subject":[51],"relied":[52],"on":[53],"visual":[54,61],"or":[55],"high-resolution":[56,73],"thermal":[57,74,95],"cameras.":[58],"However,":[59],"regular":[60],"cameras":[62,75],"have":[63],"serious":[64],"concerns":[65],"about":[66],"people's":[67],"privacy":[68],"indoor":[70,89,158],"environments,":[71,159],"are":[76],"costly.":[77],"This":[78,165],"paper":[79,136,166],"proposes":[80,121,137],"novel":[82,131],"approach":[83,153],"human-centred":[90],"applications":[91],"using":[92,111],"low-resolution":[94],"sensor":[96,106,160],"array.":[97],"The":[98,151],"proposed":[99,143,152],"system":[100],"presents":[101],"discrete":[103,188],"adaptive":[105],"placement":[107],"continuous":[108,144],"estimators":[110],"classification":[112,128],"techniques":[113],"artificial":[115],"neural":[116],"network,":[117],"respectively.":[118],"It":[119],"also":[120],"real-time":[123],"distance-based":[124],"field":[125],"view":[127],"image-based":[132],"feature.":[133],"Besides,":[134],"transfer":[139],"application":[140],"estimator":[146],"measure":[148],"height.":[150],"evaluated":[155],"different":[157,163],"placements":[161],"with":[162],"participants.":[164],"shows":[167],"median":[169],"overall":[170],"error":[171],"<mml:math":[173,182],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>\u00b1</mml:mo>":[174],"<mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn></mml:mrow>":[175],"</mml:math>":[176,185],"m":[177],"continuous-based":[179],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>96.8</mml:mn>":[183],"<mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow>":[184],"achieved-accuracy":[186],"estimation.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}