{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128540131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","title":"On-chip trainable hardware-based deep Q-networks approximating a backpropagation algorithm","display_name":"On-chip trainable hardware-based deep Q-networks approximating a backpropagation algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128540131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","mag":"3128540131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041784748","display_name":"Jangsaeng Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-135X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jangsaeng Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039840536","display_name":"Dongseok Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-8938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongseok Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062245499","display_name":"Sung Yun Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-3183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung Yun Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041769073","display_name":"Won-Mook Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-3407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won-Mook Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040064861","display_name":"Soochang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-143X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soochang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008795949","display_name":"Seongbin Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-0554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongbin Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070607181","display_name":"Chul-Heung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-7269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chul-Heung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021913940","display_name":"Jong\u2010Ho Bae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-7132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Ho Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057864063","display_name":"Byung\u2010Gook Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2962-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Gook Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423381","display_name":"Jong\u2010Ho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-9802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Ho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-9802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.9153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73225091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"15","first_page":"9391","last_page":"9402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.859953761100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.7278679609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6613908410072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4180443584918976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.4100591540336609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3830130100250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3649945855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3629292845726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33196452260017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3290547728538513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.859953761100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.7278679609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6613908410072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4180443584918976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.4100591540336609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3830130100250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3649945855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3629292845726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33196452260017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3290547728538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-021-05699-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4729045355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A7B4909604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5116210484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M3A7B4909604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128540131.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128540131.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1695065985","https://openalex.org/W1757796397","https://openalex.org/W1937359183","https://openalex.org/W1987760418","https://openalex.org/W1991059746","https://openalex.org/W2021383442","https://openalex.org/W2056507634","https://openalex.org/W2072500593","https://openalex.org/W2076504722","https://openalex.org/W2092608522","https://openalex.org/W2105489745","https://openalex.org/W2117422822","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2156737235","https://openalex.org/W2162827630","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2253787383","https://openalex.org/W2297862270","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2607225320","https://openalex.org/W2623410569","https://openalex.org/W2737252194","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2761873684","https://openalex.org/W2765183075","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2785141883","https://openalex.org/W2792431356","https://openalex.org/W2798109269","https://openalex.org/W2803767077","https://openalex.org/W2889363961","https://openalex.org/W2897422523","https://openalex.org/W2898323475","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2951301202","https://openalex.org/W2951799221","https://openalex.org/W2963206832","https://openalex.org/W2963700859","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2969561891","https://openalex.org/W2977663622","https://openalex.org/W3106091315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391384657","https://openalex.org/W2280558049","https://openalex.org/W2362222286","https://openalex.org/W2390551782","https://openalex.org/W3094920005","https://openalex.org/W2389537118","https://openalex.org/W2374444867","https://openalex.org/W2354844719","https://openalex.org/W2387891317","https://openalex.org/W2376817016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Reinforcement":[1],"learning":[2],"(RL)":[3],"using":[4,127,171],"deep":[5],"Q-networks":[6],"(DQNs)":[7],"has":[8],"shown":[9],"performance":[10,71,84,123,150],"beyond":[11],"the":[12,35,63,80,113,133,136,149],"human":[13],"level":[14],"in":[15],"a":[16,70,89],"number":[17],"of":[18,37,88,135,142,144],"complex":[19],"problems.":[20],"In":[21,108,152],"addition,":[22],"many":[23],"studies":[24],"have":[25],"focused":[26],"on":[27,74,148],"bio-inspired":[28],"hardware-based":[29,60],"spiking":[30],"neural":[31,174],"networks":[32],"(SNNs)":[33],"given":[34,120],"capabilities":[36],"these":[38],"technologies":[39],"to":[40,59,86,187],"realize":[41],"both":[42],"parallel":[43],"operation":[44],"and":[45,100,104,139],"low":[46],"power":[47,102],"consumption.":[48],"Here,":[49],"we":[50,131],"propose":[51],"an":[52,191],"on-chip":[53,192],"training":[54,94,193],"method":[55,95],"for":[56,110],"DQNs":[57],"applicable":[58],"SNNs.":[61],"Because":[62],"conventional":[64],"backpropagation":[65],"(BP)":[66],"algorithm":[67],"is":[68,124,168,195],"approximated,":[69],"evaluation":[72],"based":[73],"two":[75,140],"simple":[76,111],"games":[77],"shows":[78,184],"that":[79,87,121],"proposed":[81,93,182],"system":[82,183],"achieves":[83],"similar":[85],"software-based":[90],"system.":[91],"The":[92,181],"can":[96,116],"minimize":[97],"memory":[98,114,159],"usage":[99],"reduce":[101],"consumption":[103],"area":[105],"occupation":[106],"levels.":[107],"particular,":[109],"problems,":[112],"dependency":[115],"be":[117],"significantly":[118],"reduced":[119],"high":[122],"achieved":[125],"without":[126],"replay":[128],"memory.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"investigate":[132],"effect":[134],"nonlinearity":[137],"characteristics":[138],"types":[141],"variation":[143],"non-ideal":[145],"synaptic":[146,164],"devices":[147],"outcomes.":[151],"this":[153],"work,":[154],"thin-film":[155],"transistor":[156],"(TFT)-type":[157],"flash":[158],"cells":[160],"are":[161],"used":[162],"as":[163],"devices.":[165],"A":[166],"simulation":[167],"also":[169],"conducted":[170],"fully":[172],"connected":[173],"network":[175],"with":[176],"non-leaky":[177],"integrated-and-fire":[178],"(I&amp;F)":[179],"neurons.":[180],"strong":[185],"immunity":[186],"device":[188],"variations":[189],"because":[190],"scheme":[194],"adopted.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
