{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2030512081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220170002","title":"The economy of the shape of limbed animals","display_name":"The economy of the shape of limbed animals","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2030512081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220170002","mag":"2030512081","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11204396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s004220170002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220170002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108476063","display_name":"Mark A. Changizi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136637","display_name":"Schafer Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wcma710","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136637"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Changizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biotechnology Group, Schafer Corporation, Arlington, VA 22209, USA. changizi@cs.ucc.ie","Biotechnology Group, Schafer Corporation, Arlington, VA 22209, USA, , US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnology Group, Schafer Corporation, Arlington, VA 22209, USA. changizi@cs.ucc.ie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136637"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnology Group, Schafer Corporation, Arlington, VA 22209, USA, , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108476063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136637"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5803,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76275087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"84","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13679","display_name":"Tardigrade Biology and Ecology","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13679","display_name":"Tardigrade Biology and Ecology","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13811","display_name":"Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution","score":0.9513000249862671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6562694311141968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5795793533325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5786793231964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.5341094732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylum","display_name":"Phylum","score":0.5190180540084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48469996452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.47582176327705383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.43051695823669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.4102550446987152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4041881859302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.34647804498672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.33109354972839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.32665038108825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.2991873621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2914818823337555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.20993468165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14569523930549622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13096651434898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11396574974060059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6562694311141968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5795793533325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5786793231964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5341094732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91066513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38348","display_name":"Phylum","level":3,"score":0.5190180540084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48469996452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47582176327705383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.43051695823669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4102550446987152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4041881859302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.34647804498672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.33109354972839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32665038108825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.2991873621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2914818823337555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.20993468165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14569523930549622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13096651434898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11396574974060059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003201","descriptor_name":"Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003201","descriptor_name":"Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003201","descriptor_name":"Computers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005121","descriptor_name":"Extremities","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005121","descriptor_name":"Extremities","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005121","descriptor_name":"Extremities","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007448","descriptor_name":"Invertebrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007448","descriptor_name":"Invertebrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007448","descriptor_name":"Invertebrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014714","descriptor_name":"Vertebrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014714","descriptor_name":"Vertebrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014714","descriptor_name":"Vertebrates","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s004220170002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220170002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11204396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11204396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W589457653","https://openalex.org/W4386773768","https://openalex.org/W2888174077","https://openalex.org/W4289526768","https://openalex.org/W1997853407","https://openalex.org/W1991644888","https://openalex.org/W3209828633","https://openalex.org/W4388604010","https://openalex.org/W2275707652","https://openalex.org/W1493015790"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}