{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088861916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050544","title":"Energy model for contrast detection: spatiotemporal characteristics of threshold vision","display_name":"Energy model for contrast detection: spatiotemporal characteristics of threshold vision","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088861916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050544","mag":"2088861916","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10434391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s004220050544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111401382","display_name":"Velitchko Manahilov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Manahilov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. vma@gcal.ac.uk","Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, , BG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria. vma@gcal.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, , BG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108819601","display_name":"W. Simpson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Simpson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK, , , , , , GB","Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK, GB"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK, , , , , , GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68288531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"81","issue":"1","first_page":"61","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.5948962569236755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse-response","display_name":"Impulse response","score":0.5681369304656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.559505820274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.44490742683410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-filter","display_name":"Linear filter","score":0.41988301277160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3602483570575714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34281858801841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30349892377853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.27113091945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25338006019592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2091415524482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.19839203357696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1890668272972107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5948962569236755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72279823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139726","display_name":"Impulse response","level":2,"score":0.5681369304656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.559505820274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.44490742683410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139722471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2619517","display_name":"Linear filter","level":3,"score":0.41988301277160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3602483570575714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34281858801841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30349892377853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.27113091945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25338006019592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2091415524482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.19839203357696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1890668272972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012684","descriptor_name":"Sensory Thresholds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012684","descriptor_name":"Sensory Thresholds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012684","descriptor_name":"Sensory Thresholds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015350","descriptor_name":"Contrast Sensitivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015350","descriptor_name":"Contrast Sensitivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015350","descriptor_name":"Contrast Sensitivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s004220050544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10434391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10434391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological cybernetics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552685733","https://openalex.org/W1658472922","https://openalex.org/W1986214687","https://openalex.org/W1986727005","https://openalex.org/W1988497357","https://openalex.org/W2000551536","https://openalex.org/W2001263919","https://openalex.org/W2002260191","https://openalex.org/W2010814572","https://openalex.org/W2020463229","https://openalex.org/W2023020573","https://openalex.org/W2028954909","https://openalex.org/W2035231347","https://openalex.org/W2036251682","https://openalex.org/W2039631120","https://openalex.org/W2053666694","https://openalex.org/W2055174218","https://openalex.org/W2063345248","https://openalex.org/W2066658588","https://openalex.org/W2077589832","https://openalex.org/W2090021108","https://openalex.org/W2090948255","https://openalex.org/W2095029860","https://openalex.org/W2101718704","https://openalex.org/W2105672294","https://openalex.org/W2108992228","https://openalex.org/W2135229471","https://openalex.org/W2152723495","https://openalex.org/W2155999145","https://openalex.org/W2727420541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008697969","https://openalex.org/W2070435907","https://openalex.org/W1988009252","https://openalex.org/W2033385447","https://openalex.org/W2018589450","https://openalex.org/W2117460863","https://openalex.org/W1982114443","https://openalex.org/W2385134466","https://openalex.org/W3084373365","https://openalex.org/W156274020"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}