{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154260401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","title":"Contribution of spike timing to the neural code: from fast to slow timescales","display_name":"Contribution of spike timing to the neural code: from fast to slow timescales","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154260401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41979854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014847103","display_name":"Stefano Panzeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-8909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Panzeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 22527, Hamburg, Germany. s.panzeri@uke.de"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-8909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 22527, Hamburg, Germany. s.panzeri@uke.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099024984","display_name":"Nicola Marie Engel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9530-1126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Marie Engel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 22527, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9530-1126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 22527, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044213191","display_name":"Marco Celotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-0703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Celotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 22527, Hamburg, Germany","Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-0703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 22527, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014847103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74270964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"120","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9546999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9546999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millisecond","display_name":"Millisecond","score":0.6183000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6015999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-coding","display_name":"Neural coding","score":0.5896000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike-train","display_name":"Spike train","score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-resolution","display_name":"Temporal resolution","score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-system","display_name":"Sensory system","score":0.3666999936103821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60327585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723733","display_name":"Millisecond","level":2,"score":0.6183000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.607699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6015999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.5896000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909946758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194277","display_name":"Spike train","level":3,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986949344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9404","display_name":"Neural system","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87868495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750843","display_name":"Information processing","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172081034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185961","display_name":"Time perception","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017552255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Arrival time","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315146","display_name":"Predictive coding","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41979854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41979854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological cybernetics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13079490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13079490/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biol Cybern","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-026-01042-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6826688051223755,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154260401.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154260401.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539683305","https://openalex.org/W1677608449","https://openalex.org/W1843946745","https://openalex.org/W1964309659","https://openalex.org/W1967179842","https://openalex.org/W1972820275","https://openalex.org/W1975003449","https://openalex.org/W1976433270","https://openalex.org/W1978306818","https://openalex.org/W1984071687","https://openalex.org/W1984931175","https://openalex.org/W1988146990","https://openalex.org/W1990477384","https://openalex.org/W1996522489","https://openalex.org/W2000869512","https://openalex.org/W2002048762","https://openalex.org/W2005235722","https://openalex.org/W2019601442","https://openalex.org/W2022707775","https://openalex.org/W2030913473","https://openalex.org/W2037030438","https://openalex.org/W2042312351","https://openalex.org/W2044719139","https://openalex.org/W2046644792","https://openalex.org/W2046746829","https://openalex.org/W2046943246","https://openalex.org/W2051513586","https://openalex.org/W2057755912","https://openalex.org/W2060561757","https://openalex.org/W2062899906","https://openalex.org/W2066218718","https://openalex.org/W2066835186","https://openalex.org/W2066905947","https://openalex.org/W2074482781","https://openalex.org/W2079948225","https://openalex.org/W2083250197","https://openalex.org/W2091845343","https://openalex.org/W2100366622","https://openalex.org/W2101101880","https://openalex.org/W2104071396","https://openalex.org/W2106700142","https://openalex.org/W2117509237","https://openalex.org/W2120475512","https://openalex.org/W2120891707","https://openalex.org/W2130506326","https://openalex.org/W2138704896","https://openalex.org/W2144494088","https://openalex.org/W2145206878","https://openalex.org/W2153564253","https://openalex.org/W2160494739","https://openalex.org/W2167716858","https://openalex.org/W2168133385","https://openalex.org/W2170398746","https://openalex.org/W2172274087","https://openalex.org/W2329323183","https://openalex.org/W2527978657","https://openalex.org/W2587049423","https://openalex.org/W2617276037","https://openalex.org/W2737989178","https://openalex.org/W2785016696","https://openalex.org/W2787499237","https://openalex.org/W2894521163","https://openalex.org/W2931003326","https://openalex.org/W2946413103","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W3011513896","https://openalex.org/W3025581900","https://openalex.org/W3035963907","https://openalex.org/W3037217668","https://openalex.org/W3080647613","https://openalex.org/W3155379073","https://openalex.org/W3162417332","https://openalex.org/W3184706608","https://openalex.org/W3193950623","https://openalex.org/W4220797034","https://openalex.org/W4221012062","https://openalex.org/W4281684055","https://openalex.org/W4296806557","https://openalex.org/W4313528114","https://openalex.org/W4391374221","https://openalex.org/W4396759824","https://openalex.org/W4401728003","https://openalex.org/W4405017986","https://openalex.org/W4411621165","https://openalex.org/W4411969846","https://openalex.org/W4412931681","https://openalex.org/W4415731599","https://openalex.org/W6940748296"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"publication":[1],"of":[2,52,70,78,90,169,197,213],"Mainen":[3],"and":[4,29,49,61,84,161,180,187,205,222],"Sejnowski's":[5],"1995":[6],"seminal":[7],"paper":[8],"strongly":[9],"renewed":[10],"interest":[11],"in":[12,150],"how":[13],"spike":[14,38,107,129],"timing":[15,39,143],"contributes":[16,40],"to":[17,41,158,195,215],"the":[18,22,34,42,53,71,86,97,105,109,122,137,162,167],"neural":[19,43,151],"code.":[20,44],"In":[21],"3":[23],"decades":[24],"since":[25],"then,":[26],"considerable":[27],"experimental":[28,50],"theoretical":[30,48],"research":[31,51],"has":[32,177],"investigated":[33],"timescales":[35,79,182],"at":[36,58,145],"which":[37,146],"Here":[45],"we":[46,73],"review":[47,69],"last":[54],"30":[55],"years":[56],"aimed":[57],"defining":[59],"conceptually":[60],"measuring":[62,117],"operationally":[63],"these":[64],"timescales.":[65],"By":[66],"a":[67,93],"critical":[68],"literature,":[72],"individuate":[74],"six":[75],"broad":[76],"classes":[77],"that":[80,92,132,183],"have":[81],"been":[82],"conceptualized":[83],"operationalized:":[85],"maximal":[87,123,142],"temporal":[88],"precision":[89,125,144],"spiking":[91],"neuron":[94],"can":[95,133],"achieve,":[96],"encoding":[98,110,171,191,204],"time":[99,102,114,130],"window":[100,103],"(the":[101,112,127,141],"containing":[104],"information-bearing":[106],"times),":[108],"timescale":[111,126,140,165],"coarsest":[113],"resolution":[115],"for":[116,201,219],"spikes":[118],"without":[119],"losing":[120],"information),":[121],"discrimination":[124],"smallest":[128],"difference":[131],"be":[134],"discriminated":[135],"behaviorally),":[136],"encoding-readout":[138],"intersection":[139],"stimulus":[147],"information":[148,163,170,185,203],"encoded":[149],"activity":[152],"is":[153],"also":[154],"actually":[155],"read":[156],"out":[157],"inform":[159],"behavior),":[160],"consistency":[164,208],"(measuring":[166],"stability":[168],"over":[172],"time).":[173],"Together,":[174],"this":[175],"work":[176],"revealed":[178],"short":[179],"long":[181],"influence":[184],"coding":[186],"affect":[188],"behavior.":[189],"Short":[190],"timescales,":[192,209],"from":[193,211],"milliseconds":[194,214],"tens":[196],"milliseconds,":[198],"are":[199,217],"useful":[200,218],"sensory":[202],"perception.":[206],"Long":[207],"ranging":[210],"hundreds":[212],"seconds,":[216],"accumulating":[220],"evidence":[221],"stabilizing":[223],"decisions.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}