{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376640980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","title":"Self-organizing maps on \u201cwhat-where\u201d codes towards fully unsupervised classification","display_name":"Self-organizing maps on \u201cwhat-where\u201d codes towards fully unsupervised classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376640980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37188974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052821522","display_name":"Luis Sa-Couto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-5079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Sa-Couto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico - University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Dr. An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Porto Salvo, 2744-016, Lisbon, Portugal. luis.sa.couto@tecnico.ulisboa.pt","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico - University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Dr. An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Porto Salvo, 2744-016, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-5079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico - University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Dr. An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Porto Salvo, 2744-016, Lisbon, Portugal. luis.sa.couto@tecnico.ulisboa.pt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico - University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Dr. An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Porto Salvo, 2744-016, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022840676","display_name":"Andreas Wichert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-4378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Wichert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico - University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Dr. An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Porto Salvo, 2744-016, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, INESC-ID and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico - University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Dr. An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Porto Salvo, 2744-016, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052821522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"fwci":0.6499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7392843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"117","issue":"3","first_page":"211","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8765408992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.7566249370574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7432611584663391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7387940883636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6502625346183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6233524680137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hebbian-theory","display_name":"Hebbian theory","score":0.578372597694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.5077186822891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organizing-map","display_name":"Self-organizing map","score":0.5058576464653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.46156659722328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4234459400177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.374245822429657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8765408992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.7566249370574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7432611584663391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7387940883636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6502625346183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6233524680137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111437709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277874","display_name":"Hebbian theory","level":3,"score":0.578372597694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.5077186822891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111168008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136838","display_name":"Self-organizing map","level":3,"score":0.5058576464653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.46156659722328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4234459400177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.374245822429657}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37188974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37188974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological cybernetics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10258173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10258173","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10258173/pdf/422_2023_Article_963.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biol Cybern","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00422-023-00963-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87357125","display_name":"Biological Cybernetics","issn_l":"0340-1200","issn":["0340-1200","1432-0770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2441341484","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa","funder_award_id":"UIDB/50021/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8737244112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/BD/144560/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376640980.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W1991848143","https://openalex.org/W1994605718","https://openalex.org/W2015377467","https://openalex.org/W2035139756","https://openalex.org/W2045908891","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2142838865","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2156964236","https://openalex.org/W2326588846","https://openalex.org/W2810701348","https://openalex.org/W2917334474","https://openalex.org/W2944546415","https://openalex.org/W2978387071","https://openalex.org/W2980405032","https://openalex.org/W3013020886","https://openalex.org/W3090959679","https://openalex.org/W3096655658","https://openalex.org/W3107245349","https://openalex.org/W3158490619","https://openalex.org/W3210734657","https://openalex.org/W4205699412","https://openalex.org/W4298069009","https://openalex.org/W4388252436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2590565095","https://openalex.org/W4321853849","https://openalex.org/W2911822711","https://openalex.org/W2896927215","https://openalex.org/W3180828476","https://openalex.org/W4387853727","https://openalex.org/W1950019275","https://openalex.org/W4285340753","https://openalex.org/W1994470380","https://openalex.org/W1520894008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interest":[0],"in":[1,151,196],"unsupervised":[2,44,118,160],"learning":[3,32,127],"architectures":[4],"has":[5,102],"been":[6,103],"rising.":[7],"Besides":[8],"being":[9],"biologically":[10],"unnatural,":[11],"it":[12,124,174],"is":[13,139,163],"costly":[14],"to":[15,22,57,82,93,121,129,140,156,170,189,206,219,231],"depend":[16,90],"on":[17,42,71,91],"large":[18],"labeled":[19],"data":[20,204],"sets":[21],"get":[23,157],"a":[24,58,72,108,116],"well-performing":[25],"classification":[26],"system.":[27],"Therefore,":[28],"both":[29],"the":[30,35,78,88,154,197,202,214,220,229,232,240],"deep":[31,126],"community":[33,39],"and":[34,86,187,211,237],"more":[36,233],"biologically-inspired":[37],"models":[38],"have":[40],"focused":[41],"proposing":[43],"techniques":[45,128],"that":[46,105,142,162,192,213,239],"can":[47,53,112,144,183],"produce":[48],"adequate":[49],"hidden":[50],"representations":[51],"which":[52,76,178],"then":[54],"be":[55,83,113,184],"fed":[56],"simpler":[59],"supervised":[60,73],"classifier.":[61,119],"Despite":[62],"great":[63],"success":[64,123],"with":[65,153],"this":[66,98,137],"approach,":[67],"an":[68,158,208],"ultimate":[69],"dependence":[70],"model":[74],"remains,":[75],"forces":[77],"number":[79],"of":[80,136,177],"classes":[81,179,191],"known":[84],"beforehand,":[85],"makes":[87],"system":[89,161,215,241],"labels":[92,169],"extract":[94],"concepts.":[95],"To":[96],"overcome":[97],"limitation,":[99],"recent":[100],"work":[101,138],"proposed":[104,148],"shows":[106],"how":[107],"self-organizing":[109],"map":[110],"(SOM)":[111],"used":[114],"as":[115],"completely":[117],"However,":[120],"achieve":[122],"required":[125],"generate":[130],"high":[131],"quality":[132],"embeddings.":[133],"The":[134],"purpose":[135],"show":[141],"we":[143,200,227],"use":[145,201],"our":[146],"previously":[147],"What-Where":[149],"encoder":[150],"tandem":[152],"SOM":[155],"end-to-end":[159],"Hebbian.":[164],"Such":[165],"system,":[166],"requires":[167],"no":[168],"train":[171],"nor":[172],"does":[173],"require":[175],"knowledge":[176],"exist":[180],"beforehand.":[181],"It":[182],"trained":[185],"online":[186],"adapt":[188],"new":[190],"may":[193],"emerge.":[194],"As":[195],"original":[198],"work,":[199],"MNIST":[203],"set":[205],"run":[207],"experimental":[209],"analysis":[210,230],"verify":[212],"achieves":[216],"similar":[217],"accuracies":[218],"best":[221],"ones":[222],"reported":[223],"thus":[224],"far.":[225],"Furthermore,":[226],"extend":[228],"difficult":[234],"Fashion-MNIST":[235],"problem":[236],"conclude":[238],"still":[242],"performs.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
