{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7159577048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","title":"Optimization of deep learning models and applications of explainable artificial intelligence classification in some Tricholoma species","display_name":"Optimization of deep learning models and applications of explainable artificial intelligence classification in some Tricholoma species","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7159577048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011357504","display_name":"Fatih Ekinci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-1105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatih Ekinci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134995636","display_name":"Mehmet Serdar G\u00fczel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Serdar G\u00fczel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088721490","display_name":"Koray A\u00e7\u0131c\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-6419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koray Acici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey","Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031644955","display_name":"Abdullah Aydo\u011fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Aydo\u011fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118332551","display_name":"\u015eehmus Alta\u015f","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u015eehmus Alta\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119720066","display_name":"\u00d6mer Burak Alt\u0131ndal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6mer Burak Alt\u0131ndal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093396393","display_name":"Eda Kumru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7417-6197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eda Kumru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063767889","display_name":"Tun\u00e7 A\u015furo\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-0764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tunc Asuroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland","VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 33101, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 33101, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134937416","display_name":"Ilgaz Akata","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilgaz Akata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063767889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I87653560"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42513165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12813","display_name":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","score":0.21140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12813","display_name":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","score":0.21140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10451","display_name":"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions","score":0.11710000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.11569999903440475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7491000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.34209999442100525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7491000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6276999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/237378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/237378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401860","display_name":"Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150589677","host_organization_name":"Tampere University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150589677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-026-04479-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6038746237754822,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7159577048.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7159577048.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539395849","https://openalex.org/W2991184001","https://openalex.org/W3109319753","https://openalex.org/W3162709871","https://openalex.org/W3170647102","https://openalex.org/W3188385349","https://openalex.org/W3192379462","https://openalex.org/W3208534059","https://openalex.org/W4214561509","https://openalex.org/W4214860576","https://openalex.org/W4282823837","https://openalex.org/W4287592653","https://openalex.org/W4293482610","https://openalex.org/W4294559022","https://openalex.org/W4295122555","https://openalex.org/W4308417378","https://openalex.org/W4311773147","https://openalex.org/W4312525989","https://openalex.org/W4321843843","https://openalex.org/W4322825272","https://openalex.org/W4323520626","https://openalex.org/W4378229044","https://openalex.org/W4378528829","https://openalex.org/W4384284610","https://openalex.org/W4384916220","https://openalex.org/W4386198736","https://openalex.org/W4386836459","https://openalex.org/W4387376188","https://openalex.org/W4389113418","https://openalex.org/W4389194971","https://openalex.org/W4390650730","https://openalex.org/W4391062303","https://openalex.org/W4392747369","https://openalex.org/W4392944031","https://openalex.org/W4395210839","https://openalex.org/W4399419713","https://openalex.org/W4399619008","https://openalex.org/W4400038079","https://openalex.org/W4400148181","https://openalex.org/W4400314358","https://openalex.org/W4401110596","https://openalex.org/W4401990703","https://openalex.org/W4402378655","https://openalex.org/W4402859198","https://openalex.org/W4403675997","https://openalex.org/W4404280088","https://openalex.org/W4404446228","https://openalex.org/W4405693714","https://openalex.org/W4405808829","https://openalex.org/W4406059474","https://openalex.org/W4408236917","https://openalex.org/W4411122611","https://openalex.org/W4411415218","https://openalex.org/W4412071836","https://openalex.org/W4413810100","https://openalex.org/W4414437464","https://openalex.org/W4414480288","https://openalex.org/W6930842963"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Macrofungi":[1],"are":[2,20],"vital":[3],"to":[4,22,123,178],"ecosystem":[5],"stability":[6],"and":[7,19,57,72,111,133,138,155,162,169,181],"biodiversity":[8,179],"conservation,":[9],"yet":[10],"traditional":[11],"species":[12,35],"identification":[13],"methods":[14],"often":[15],"require":[16],"expert":[17],"input":[18],"prone":[21],"error.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25,80],"proposes":[26],"a":[27,49,167],"deep":[28,144],"learning-based":[29],"classification":[30,76,91,157],"framework":[31],"for":[32,68,172],"six":[33],"macrofungi":[34,90],"using":[36],"advanced":[37],"convolutional":[38],"neural":[39],"network":[40],"(CNN)":[41],"architectures.":[42],"Among":[43],"the":[44,82,108,128,140],"tested":[45],"models,":[46],"DenseNet121":[47],"achieved":[48],"90%":[50,63],"F1-score,":[51],"while":[52],"EfficientNetV2-M":[53],"reached":[54],"92%":[55,58],"accuracy":[56],"precision.":[59],"AUC":[60],"scores":[61],"of":[62,84,130,143],"or":[64],"higher":[65],"were":[66],"observed":[67],"DenseNet,":[69],"EfficientNet-B4,":[70],"EfficientNetV2-M,":[71],"ShuffleNet,":[73],"demonstrating":[74],"robust":[75],"capabilities.":[77],"Importantly,":[78],"this":[79,164],"pioneers":[81],"integration":[83],"explainable":[85],"artificial":[86],"intelligence":[87],"(XAI)":[88],"in":[89,135],"by":[92],"employing":[93],"Grad-CAM.":[94],"These":[95],"visualizations":[96],"revealed":[97],"that":[98],"top-performing":[99],"models":[100,117,146],"focused":[101],"on":[102,119],"biologically":[103],"relevant":[104],"features":[105],"such":[106],"as":[107],"cap,":[109],"stem,":[110],"spore":[112],"surfaces,":[113],"whereas":[114],"less":[115],"accurate":[116],"fixated":[118],"background":[120],"areas,":[121],"leading":[122],"misclassification.":[124],"The":[125],"results":[126],"highlight":[127],"importance":[129],"dataset":[131],"size":[132],"variability":[134],"model":[136],"performance":[137],"underscore":[139],"broader":[141],"applicability":[142],"learning":[145],"beyond":[147],"macrofungi,":[148],"including":[149],"spore-level":[150],"analysis,":[151],"plant":[152],"disease":[153],"diagnostics,":[154],"agricultural":[156],"tasks.":[158],"By":[159],"enhancing":[160],"interpretability":[161],"accuracy,":[163],"research":[165],"provides":[166],"novel":[168],"effective":[170],"approach":[171],"automated":[173],"fungal":[174],"identification,":[175],"contributing":[176],"significantly":[177],"monitoring":[180],"ecological":[182],"research.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-05-02T00:00:00"}
