{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410965359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","title":"Evaluating behavioral realism in AR and VR: a comparison of single-point IK and full-body motion capture virtual humans","display_name":"Evaluating behavioral realism in AR and VR: a comparison of single-point IK and full-body motion capture virtual humans","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410965359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082785191","display_name":"Elhassan Makled","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0329-166X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elhassan Makled","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086343995","display_name":"Christoph Gerhardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-549X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Gerhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037930833","display_name":"Tobias Schwandt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-7683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Schwandt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019994345","display_name":"Florian Weidner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8677-3503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Weidner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016023991","display_name":"Wolfgang Broll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7483-1550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119449181","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Broll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082785191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119449181"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.8321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83629243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"14","first_page":"11721","last_page":"11733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12290","display_name":"Human Motion and Animation","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.6324610710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5891045331954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5700994729995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5586564540863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5519848465919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-capture","display_name":"Motion capture","score":0.5324381589889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5323845148086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"Realism","score":0.4250437021255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3735874593257904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36745980381965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3439851403236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17147943377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.10165968537330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07040277123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.06559020280838013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.6324610710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5891045331954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5700994729995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5586564540863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5519848465919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48007421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676252","display_name":"Motion capture","level":3,"score":0.5324381589889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5323845148086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.4250437021255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3735874593257904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36745980381965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3439851403236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17147943377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.10165968537330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07040277123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.06559020280838013}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-025-03934-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G352791218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(BMBF)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318211274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Durchbr\u00fcche","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309895","funder_display_name":"Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309895","display_name":"Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/03ng4kg22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324722","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau","ror":"https://ror.org/01weqhp73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410965359.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410965359.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493914388","https://openalex.org/W1713757920","https://openalex.org/W1980455221","https://openalex.org/W1999165127","https://openalex.org/W2019839107","https://openalex.org/W2025577934","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2047975213","https://openalex.org/W2106291409","https://openalex.org/W2142824220","https://openalex.org/W2468518589","https://openalex.org/W2484585018","https://openalex.org/W2582805484","https://openalex.org/W2611455491","https://openalex.org/W2745397023","https://openalex.org/W2762735689","https://openalex.org/W2794385674","https://openalex.org/W2902345557","https://openalex.org/W2942109448","https://openalex.org/W2946901747","https://openalex.org/W2955410530","https://openalex.org/W2981421711","https://openalex.org/W2982374652","https://openalex.org/W3005590178","https://openalex.org/W3025066026","https://openalex.org/W3030528688","https://openalex.org/W3041286989","https://openalex.org/W3087311975","https://openalex.org/W3090127949","https://openalex.org/W3095793838","https://openalex.org/W3110793632","https://openalex.org/W3116698843","https://openalex.org/W3118914251","https://openalex.org/W3136072423","https://openalex.org/W3162373256","https://openalex.org/W3162461888","https://openalex.org/W3162763774","https://openalex.org/W3163824906","https://openalex.org/W3195650292","https://openalex.org/W3209880362","https://openalex.org/W4205463391","https://openalex.org/W4206409786","https://openalex.org/W4225089648","https://openalex.org/W4229977739","https://openalex.org/W4296606964","https://openalex.org/W4312288376","https://openalex.org/W4321488206","https://openalex.org/W4321488266","https://openalex.org/W4366581013","https://openalex.org/W4384340016","https://openalex.org/W4387446545","https://openalex.org/W4388812599","https://openalex.org/W4389049321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904593369","https://openalex.org/W1827696521","https://openalex.org/W2173450654","https://openalex.org/W2039848376","https://openalex.org/W2621720158","https://openalex.org/W2091722187","https://openalex.org/W2130272765","https://openalex.org/W4401486264","https://openalex.org/W2006196742","https://openalex.org/W2055991023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Behavioral":[1],"realism":[2,44,74,118,137,157],"plays":[3],"a":[4,36,145],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,62],"virtual":[8],"and":[9,69,102,138,174],"augmented":[10],"reality":[11],"(VR/AR).":[12],"Various":[13],"avatar":[14,39,101],"animation":[15,34],"techniques,":[16],"ranging":[17],"from":[18],"full-body":[19,86,111],"motion":[20,87,112,159],"capture":[21,113],"to":[22,82,143],"single-point":[23,79,120],"inverse":[24],"kinematics":[25],"(IK),":[26],"offer":[27],"different":[28],"levels":[29],"of":[30,35,45,75,99,125],"realism.":[31],"While":[32],"the":[33,42,72,94,123],"user\u2019s":[37],"own":[38],"influences":[40],"embodiment,":[41],"perceived":[43,117,166],"others\u2019":[46],"avatars":[47,76],"is":[48,153],"equally":[49],"important":[50],"for":[51,171],"immersion.":[52],"This":[53],"study":[54],"(":[55],"N":[56],"=":[57],"53)":[58],"examines":[59],"how":[60],"users":[61],"smartphone":[63],"AR,":[64,68],"head-mounted":[65],"display":[66],"(HMD)":[67],"VR":[70,175],"perceive":[71],"behavioral":[73],"animated":[77],"with":[78],"IK":[80,162],"compared":[81],"those":[83],"driven":[84],"by":[85],"capture.":[88],"In":[89],"addition,":[90],"we":[91],"explore":[92],"whether":[93],"congruence":[95,134],"between":[96,135],"visual":[97,136],"fidelity":[98,140],"an":[100],"tracking":[103,139],"accuracy":[104],"affects":[105],"perception.":[106],"Our":[107],"findings":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110,150],"produces":[114],"significantly":[115],"higher":[116],"than":[119,158],"IK,":[121],"but":[122],"type":[124],"device":[126],"does":[127],"not":[128],"have":[129],"measurable":[130],"impact.":[131],"Furthermore,":[132],"while":[133],"was":[141],"expected":[142],"play":[144],"role,":[146],"our":[147],"results":[148],"suggest":[149],"its":[151],"influence":[152],"limited.":[154],"Despite":[155],"lower":[156],"capture,":[160],"modern":[161],"techniques":[163],"are":[164],"still":[165],"positively,":[167],"highlighting":[168],"their":[169],"viability":[170],"multi-user":[172],"AR":[173],"applications.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}