{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402985132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-024-03608-8","title":"Toward the unification of generative and discriminative visual foundation model: a survey","display_name":"Toward the unification of generative and discriminative visual foundation model: a survey","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402985132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-024-03608-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-024-03608-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-024-03608-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116294226","display_name":"Xu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6491-750X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110562955","display_name":"Tong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3731-2262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115596078","display_name":"Chong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1513-6053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80626142","display_name":"Xinxiang Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/038hzq450","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80626142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80626142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115591691","display_name":"Yuping Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032589077","display_name":"Yuanxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8183-9163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011159802","display_name":"Qinjingwen Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7898-9985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinjingwen Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011575160","display_name":"Weizhi Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-8190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330693074","display_name":"Walmart (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04j0gge90","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330693074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhi Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Walmart Global Tech, San Bruno, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Walmart Global Tech, San Bruno, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330693074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040464143","display_name":"Yonghuan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056327997","display_name":"Junjun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1813-1784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748135","display_name":"Yu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-2567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072622467","display_name":"Yiqing Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-3339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqing Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116294226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0966,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96537372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"3371","last_page":"3412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7651470899581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6562700867652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.5185433030128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.5154502987861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.4938700795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49005138874053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37936335802078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15875336527824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11377337574958801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7651470899581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6562700867652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.5185433030128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.5154502987861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.4938700795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49005138874053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37936335802078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15875336527824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11377337574958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-024-03608-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-024-03608-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":143,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12634471","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1543614656","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2047643928","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2104125540","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2125215748","https://openalex.org/W2128715914","https://openalex.org/W2155904486","https://openalex.org/W2185175083","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2264784471","https://openalex.org/W2277195237","https://openalex.org/W2293185259","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2425121537","https://openalex.org/W2507296351","https://openalex.org/W2526417872","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2568262903","https://openalex.org/W2752796333","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2886641317","https://openalex.org/W2914584698","https://openalex.org/W2962681491","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2962965405","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963017553","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963163163","https://openalex.org/W2963413689","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2963936013","https://openalex.org/W2963966654","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2964033924","https://openalex.org/W2964289004","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2965289598","https://openalex.org/W2966792645","https://openalex.org/W2980998394","https://openalex.org/W2983943451","https://openalex.org/W2993182889","https://openalex.org/W2997998901","https://openalex.org/W3034199269","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3039368862","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3100255860","https://openalex.org/W3104152799","https://openalex.org/W3105054740","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3153469116","https://openalex.org/W3155072588","https://openalex.org/W3156892778","https://openalex.org/W3159619744","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3172942063","https://openalex.org/W3175593095","https://openalex.org/W3176641147","https://openalex.org/W3176913662","https://openalex.org/W3177654849","https://openalex.org/W3177806325","https://openalex.org/W3180355996","https://openalex.org/W3182978476","https://openalex.org/W3187134297","https://openalex.org/W3216352822","https://openalex.org/W4226014430","https://openalex.org/W4226120743","https://openalex.org/W4288083516","https://openalex.org/W4312349930","https://openalex.org/W4312388283","https://openalex.org/W4312420092","https://openalex.org/W4312457846","https://openalex.org/W4312497550","https://openalex.org/W4312559104","https://openalex.org/W4312563428","https://openalex.org/W4312567437","https://openalex.org/W4312629998","https://openalex.org/W4312740349","https://openalex.org/W4312747482","https://openalex.org/W4312804044","https://openalex.org/W4312911498","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4312936819","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4313158203","https://openalex.org/W4382457527","https://openalex.org/W4386057725","https://openalex.org/W4386057769","https://openalex.org/W4386065764","https://openalex.org/W4386065887","https://openalex.org/W4386066015","https://openalex.org/W4386072096","https://openalex.org/W4386075639","https://openalex.org/W4386113271","https://openalex.org/W4386221015","https://openalex.org/W4388189411","https://openalex.org/W4388191573","https://openalex.org/W4388428086","https://openalex.org/W4389777839","https://openalex.org/W4390872325","https://openalex.org/W4390872605","https://openalex.org/W4390872669","https://openalex.org/W4390872705","https://openalex.org/W4390872723","https://openalex.org/W4390873752","https://openalex.org/W4390873795","https://openalex.org/W4390874529","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4390874580","https://openalex.org/W4396816283","https://openalex.org/W4402727704","https://openalex.org/W4402733581","https://openalex.org/W6600075759","https://openalex.org/W6600223405","https://openalex.org/W6600445788","https://openalex.org/W6600609147","https://openalex.org/W6601065604","https://openalex.org/W6602344735","https://openalex.org/W6602497846","https://openalex.org/W6603527449","https://openalex.org/W6603963165","https://openalex.org/W6608993855","https://openalex.org/W6615317895","https://openalex.org/W6631455383","https://openalex.org/W6729404389","https://openalex.org/W6780161852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367630557","https://openalex.org/W101666983","https://openalex.org/W2183792531","https://openalex.org/W2595286499","https://openalex.org/W2794344379","https://openalex.org/W2471908688","https://openalex.org/W1845283042","https://openalex.org/W4396941953","https://openalex.org/W2987280934","https://openalex.org/W4241564561"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}