{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385189885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","title":"A neural builder for spatial subdivision hierarchies","display_name":"A neural builder for spatial subdivision hierarchies","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385189885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050449894","display_name":"Iordanis Evangelou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4556-390X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73142707","display_name":"Athens University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03s262162","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iordanis Evangelou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4556-390X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061793706","display_name":"\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03c9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4774-0746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73142707","display_name":"Athens University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03s262162","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Papaioannou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4774-0746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076845118","display_name":"Konstantinos Vardis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-4644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73142707","display_name":"Athens University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03s262162","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Vardis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-4644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022663439","display_name":"Anastasios Gkaravelis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-2462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73142707","display_name":"Athens University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/03s262162","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Gkaravelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-2462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050449894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73142707"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07449036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"8","first_page":"3797","last_page":"3809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11245","display_name":"Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.8215669989585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-volume","display_name":"Bounding volume","score":0.7686338424682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7124109864234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.58197420835495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5677552223205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subdivision","display_name":"Subdivision","score":0.5587723255157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5194813013076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.481383353471756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.4282623529434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.42055544257164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38754093647003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3809708058834076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28554975986480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23941707611083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-detection","display_name":"Collision detection","score":0.20958486199378967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-tree","display_name":"Binary tree","score":0.17868122458457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.09748700261116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.08595350384712219}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.8215669989585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184585634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434060","display_name":"Bounding volume","level":4,"score":0.7686338424682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124109864234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.58197420835495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5677552223205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143392562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449111","display_name":"Subdivision","level":2,"score":0.5587723255157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5194813013076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.481383353471756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.4282623529434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.42055544257164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38754093647003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3809708058834076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28554975986480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23941707611083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199668693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550329","display_name":"Collision detection","level":3,"score":0.20958486199378967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.17868122458457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.09748700261116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.08595350384712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00371-023-02975-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73060445","display_name":"The Visual Computer","issn_l":"0178-2789","issn":["0178-2789","1432-2315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Visual Computer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327859","display_name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385189885.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991777702","https://openalex.org/W2000697206","https://openalex.org/W2031909833","https://openalex.org/W2037187097","https://openalex.org/W2046033161","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2081371124","https://openalex.org/W2082211440","https://openalex.org/W2084320145","https://openalex.org/W2101746450","https://openalex.org/W2104814486","https://openalex.org/W2139317493","https://openalex.org/W2142497692","https://openalex.org/W2153226019","https://openalex.org/W2165558283","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2539190955","https://openalex.org/W2556802233","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2609258203","https://openalex.org/W2619459793","https://openalex.org/W2806875861","https://openalex.org/W2962928871","https://openalex.org/W3028314732","https://openalex.org/W3101027576","https://openalex.org/W3160404138","https://openalex.org/W4243120713","https://openalex.org/W4289076044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152421698","https://openalex.org/W1569690025","https://openalex.org/W78734301","https://openalex.org/W3107784446","https://openalex.org/W2106826488","https://openalex.org/W1827263124","https://openalex.org/W3016138860","https://openalex.org/W2088557191","https://openalex.org/W2143382971","https://openalex.org/W2361165494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Spatial":[1],"data":[2],"structures,":[3],"such":[4,43,173],"as":[5,174],"k":[6,86,147],"-d":[7,87,148],"trees":[8],"and":[9,31,120,179],"bounding":[10,154],"volume":[11,155,180],"hierarchies,":[12],"are":[13],"extensively":[14],"used":[15],"in":[16,25,57,111,117,141,203],"computer":[17],"graphics":[18],"for":[19,67],"the":[20,35,40,48,68,73,81,95,100,104,123,175,186],"acceleration":[21],"of":[22,42,51,75,83,94,103,126],"spatial":[23,114],"queries":[24],"ray":[26],"tracing,":[27],"nearest":[28],"neighbour":[29],"searches":[30],"other":[32],"tasks.":[33],"Typically,":[34],"splitting":[36],"strategy":[37],"employed":[38],"during":[39],"construction":[41,204],"structures":[44],"is":[45,165],"based":[46,98],"on":[47,99],"greedy":[49],"evaluation":[50,102],"a":[52,58,84,90,127,145,153],"predefined":[53],"objective":[54],"function,":[55],"resulting":[56,133,187],"less":[59],"than":[60],"optimal":[61],"subdivision":[62],"scheme.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"work,":[66],"first":[69],"time,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"use":[74],"unsupervised":[76],"deep":[77],"learning":[78],"to":[79,168,195],"infer":[80],"structure":[82],"fixed-depth":[85,134],"tree":[88,130,135,149,161,197],"from":[89],"constant,":[91],"subsampled":[92],"set":[93],"input":[96],"primitives,":[97],"recursive":[101,129],"cost":[105,171],"function":[106],"at":[107],"hand.":[108],"This":[109],"results":[110],"high-quality":[112],"upper":[113],"hierarchy,":[115,156],"inferred":[116],"constant":[118],"time":[119],"without":[121],"paying":[122],"intractable":[124],"price":[125],"fully":[128],"optimisation.":[131],"The":[132,163],"can":[136],"then":[137],"be":[138],"further":[139],"expanded,":[140],"parallel,":[142],"into":[143,152],"either":[144],"full":[146],"or":[150],"transformed":[151],"with":[157,193],"any":[158],"known":[159],"conventional":[160],"builder.":[162],"approach":[164],"generic":[166],"enough":[167],"accommodate":[169],"different":[170],"functions,":[172],"popular":[176],"surface":[177],"area":[178],"heuristics.":[181],"We":[182],"experimentally":[183],"validate":[184],"that":[185],"hierarchies":[188],"have":[189],"competitive":[190],"traversal":[191],"performance":[192],"respect":[194],"established":[196],"builders,":[198],"while":[199],"maintaining":[200],"minimal":[201],"overhead":[202],"times.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
