{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220658645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","title":"Efficient Card-Based Majority Voting Protocols","display_name":"Efficient Card-Based Majority Voting Protocols","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220658645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165364243","display_name":"New Generation Computing","issn_l":"0288-3635","issn":["0288-3635","1882-7055"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Generation Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010735831","display_name":"Yoshiki Abe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3135-4488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiki Abe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000965244","display_name":"Takeshi Nakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8181-8968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi Nakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050155799","display_name":"Yoshihisa Kuroki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshihisa Kuroki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041357922","display_name":"Shinnosuke Suzuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinnosuke Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104033227","display_name":"Yuta Koga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuta Koga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102008652","display_name":"Yohei Watanabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4028-8603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yohei Watanabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Physical Security Research Center (CPSEC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan","Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Physical Security Research Center (CPSEC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033221559","display_name":"Mitsugu Iwamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1092-8489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitsugu Iwamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059115535","display_name":"Kazuo Ohta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-0409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuo Ohta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Physical Security Research Center (CPSEC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan","Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Physical Security Research Center (CPSEC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010735831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":1.9875,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88017796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"1","first_page":"173","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8558732867240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.7794865965843201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.6250689029693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5202618837356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-card","display_name":"Smart card","score":0.5146904587745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.511732816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.42855194211006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.41764187812805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40160003304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.372127890586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34860464930534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2247612178325653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8558732867240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.7794865965843201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6250689029693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5202618837356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.5146904587745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.511732816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.42855194211006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.41764187812805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40160003304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.372127890586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34860464930534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2247612178325653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165364243","display_name":"New Generation Computing","issn_l":"0288-3635","issn":["0288-3635","1882-7055"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Generation Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00354-022-00161-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165364243","display_name":"New Generation Computing","issn_l":"0288-3635","issn":["0288-3635","1882-7055"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Generation Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4872020654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP20J21248.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937684805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP18K19780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220658645.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220658645.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69711576","https://openalex.org/W326374858","https://openalex.org/W1519482947","https://openalex.org/W2229812453","https://openalex.org/W2293137013","https://openalex.org/W2544253297","https://openalex.org/W2770291594","https://openalex.org/W2920930510","https://openalex.org/W3096385845","https://openalex.org/W3127043381","https://openalex.org/W3141585064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2495300764","https://openalex.org/W4253912458","https://openalex.org/W4286698075","https://openalex.org/W2766896269","https://openalex.org/W99107328","https://openalex.org/W2770291594","https://openalex.org/W2484822200","https://openalex.org/W2122622142","https://openalex.org/W2339335887","https://openalex.org/W1606647425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Card-based":[1],"cryptography":[2],"is":[3,73,113,126,140,197],"a":[4,12,76,95,114],"variety":[5],"of":[6,54,107,179,201],"secure":[7,52],"multiparty":[8],"computation":[9],"(MPC).":[10],"Recently,":[11],"new":[13],"technique":[14,35],"called":[15,36],"private":[16,48,145,159],"operations":[17,49,58,146,160],"was":[18],"introduced":[19],"because":[20,163],"the":[21,33,37,47,71,124,135,138,150,153,166,169,172,177,180,198],"protocol":[22,72,80,98,115,136,182,192],"can":[23,62,119,183],"be":[24,63,184],"implemented":[25],"with":[26,81,99,137,193],"fewer":[27],"cards":[28,90],"than":[29],"that":[30,45,87,117],"by":[31,66],"using":[32,67],"conventional":[34],"shuffle.":[38],"For":[39],"example,":[40],"Nakai":[41,131],"et":[42,132],"al.":[43],"showed":[44],"if":[46],"are":[50,91],"available,":[51],"computations":[53],"AND":[55],"and":[56,70,123,147,161],"OR":[57],"for":[59],"two":[60,105,157],"inputs":[61],"realized":[64,141],"simultaneously":[65],"four":[68],"cards,":[69,195],"applied":[74],"to":[75,93,130,186],"four-card":[77],"majority":[78,96,109,190],"voting":[79,97,110,191],"three":[82,89,100],"inputs.":[83,101],"This":[84],"paper":[85],"shows":[86],"only":[88],"sufficient":[92],"construct":[94],"Specifically,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"constructions":[106],"three-input":[108],"protocols.":[111],"One":[112],"assuming":[116],"players":[118],"announce":[120],"their":[121],"output,":[122],"other":[125,151],"not":[127],"allowed.":[128],"Compared":[129],"al.\u2019s":[133],"protocol,":[134],"announcement":[139,170],"without":[142],"any":[143],"additional":[144],"communications.":[148],"On":[149],"hand,":[152],"second":[154,181],"construction":[155],"requires":[156],"more":[158],"communications":[162],"it":[164],"removes":[165],"assumption":[167],"on":[168],"from":[171],"first":[173],"construction.":[174],"More":[175],"importantly,":[176],"idea":[178],"extended":[185],"an":[187],"n":[188,194],"-input":[189],"which":[196],"main":[199],"result":[200],"this":[202],"paper.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}