{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162145938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","title":"Paying \u00a31(\u00a35) or nothing in dictator games: unexpected differences","display_name":"Paying \u00a31(\u00a35) or nothing in dictator games: unexpected differences","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162145938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132210109","display_name":"International Journal of Game Theory","issn_l":"0020-7276","issn":["0020-7276","1432-1270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Game Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130225963","display_name":"Pablo Bra\u00f1as-Garza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243381257","display_name":"Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/0075gfd51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243381257"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Bra\u00f1as-Garza","raw_affiliation_strings":["LoyolaBehLab, Department of Finance, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, C. Escritor Castilla Aguayo, 4, 14004, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-6009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LoyolaBehLab, Department of Finance, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, C. Escritor Castilla Aguayo, 4, 14004, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243381257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078714904","display_name":"Antonio M. Esp\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-0771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio M. Esp\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Economics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-0771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Economics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136769323","display_name":"Diego Jorrat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-3877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Jorrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Economics I, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-3877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Economics I, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130225963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243381257"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":7.0234,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97502129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.7583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.7583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.06129999831318855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.05869999900460243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictator","display_name":"Dictator","score":0.8003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosocial-behavior","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","score":0.6794000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictator-game","display_name":"Dictator game","score":0.6740999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nothing","display_name":"Nothing","score":0.4684000015258789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183318","display_name":"Dictator","level":3,"score":0.8003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.6794000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63477270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915979","display_name":"Dictator game","level":2,"score":0.6740999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52820260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551312","display_name":"Social preferences","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18619997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47627","display_name":"Experimental economics","level":2,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780279448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2559380","display_name":"Altruism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194959371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056235","display_name":"Inequity aversion","level":3,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63002673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260590","display_name":"Scoring rule","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778174566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2874240","display_name":"Loss aversion","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205706631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2319304","display_name":"Expected utility hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119996468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340861","display_name":"Endowment effect","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132210109","display_name":"International Journal of Game Theory","issn_l":"0020-7276","issn":["0020-7276","1432-1270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Game Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:idus.us.es:11441/188507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11441/188507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401665","display_name":"Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00182-026-00995-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132210109","display_name":"International Journal of Game Theory","issn_l":"0020-7276","issn":["0020-7276","1432-1270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Game Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4679591655731201,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1617998681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101095175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1785955427","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2024-156629NB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1909459900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C-SEJ-371-UGR23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5049457865","display_name":"Sustainable Welfare: Rethinking the roles of Family, Market and State","funder_award_id":"101095175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7011027857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EMERGIA EMC21_00331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7575631941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EMERGIA EMC21_00331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317018","funder_display_name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8941382210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101095175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337995","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Innovative Europe"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8991510593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UGR23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314707","display_name":"Government of the United Kingdom","ror":"https://ror.org/05wnh3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317018","display_name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337995","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Innovative Europe","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7162145938.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7162145938.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974153888","https://openalex.org/W1979257270","https://openalex.org/W1988840588","https://openalex.org/W1995193051","https://openalex.org/W1995243998","https://openalex.org/W2005033227","https://openalex.org/W2038755155","https://openalex.org/W2044239313","https://openalex.org/W2048913673","https://openalex.org/W2081124617","https://openalex.org/W2118993558","https://openalex.org/W2137872373","https://openalex.org/W2166516851","https://openalex.org/W2168112513","https://openalex.org/W2169800142","https://openalex.org/W2170711847","https://openalex.org/W2260207294","https://openalex.org/W2513360556","https://openalex.org/W2558315928","https://openalex.org/W2587467493","https://openalex.org/W2779206865","https://openalex.org/W2785242877","https://openalex.org/W2794051247","https://openalex.org/W2800825839","https://openalex.org/W2911129977","https://openalex.org/W3121527857","https://openalex.org/W3122997316","https://openalex.org/W3124133695","https://openalex.org/W3124416153","https://openalex.org/W3124878131","https://openalex.org/W3125353710","https://openalex.org/W3161613445","https://openalex.org/W4240615975","https://openalex.org/W4244837625","https://openalex.org/W4283122972","https://openalex.org/W4313423810","https://openalex.org/W4313429350","https://openalex.org/W4319786695","https://openalex.org/W4391999938"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"conducted":[2],"an":[3],"online":[4],"Dictator":[5],"Game":[6],"experiment":[7],"(":[8,65,181],"N":[9,66,182],"=":[10,67,183],"1195)":[11],"to":[12,39,90,98,118,168,236],"test":[13],"three":[14],"hypotheses":[15],"about":[16],"the":[17,34,45,56,77,114,128,133,204,215],"role":[18],"of":[19,31,36,217],"monetary":[20,88],"incentives":[21,30,152],"in":[22,62,177,220],"prosocial":[23],"behavior.":[24,147],"First,":[25],"we":[26,43,81,140,185],"examined":[27],"whether":[28,83,142],"real":[29,84,125,154,160,196],"\u00a31":[32,104],"reduce":[33,99],"dispersion":[35],"responses":[37,48],"compared":[38,235],"hypothetical":[40,47,227],"ones.":[41,155],"Surprisingly,":[42],"found":[44,186],"opposite:":[46],"were":[49],"less":[50],"dispersed,":[51],"with":[52,69,157],"choices":[53],"clustering":[54],"around":[55],"egalitarian":[57],"split.":[58],"This":[59,212],"pattern":[60],"held":[61],"a":[63,178],"replication":[64],"308)":[68],"higher":[70,158],"stakes":[71],"(\u00a35),":[72],"offering":[73],"no":[74,106],"support":[75],"for":[76],"first":[78],"hypothesis.":[79],"Second,":[80],"tested":[82],"incentives\u2014by":[85],"involving":[86],"actual":[87],"consequences\u2014lead":[89],"more":[91,122],"selfish":[92,123],"decisions,":[93],"as":[94],"they":[95],"are":[96],"expected":[97,169,195],"socially":[100],"desirable":[101],"responses.":[102],"With":[103],"stakes,":[105,150,159],"significant":[107],"differences":[108],"emerged":[109],"across":[110],"conditions.":[111],"However,":[112],"when":[113,132,172],"stake":[115,136],"was":[116],"increased":[117],"\u00a35,":[119],"participants":[120,166,189],"became":[121],"under":[124],"incentives,":[126],"supporting":[127],"second":[129],"hypothesis":[130],"only":[131,171],"amount":[134],"at":[135],"is":[137,174,206],"substantial.":[138],"Third,":[139],"explored":[141],"probabilistic":[143,151,162],"payments":[144],"trigger":[145],"differential":[146],"At":[148],"low":[149],"resembled":[153],"But":[156],"and":[161,223],"outcomes":[163],"diverged,":[164],"suggesting":[165],"respond":[167],"value":[170],"it":[173],"meaningful.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"separate":[179],"study":[180],"299),":[184],"that":[187,202],"many":[188],"facing":[190],"standard":[191],"hypothetical-payment":[192],"instructions":[193],"still":[194],"payments.":[197],"Only":[198],"explicit":[199],"phrasing":[200],"stating":[201],"\u201cunfortunately,":[203],"money":[205],"not":[207,230],"real\u201d":[208],"alleviated":[209],"this":[210],"confusion.":[211],"result":[213],"underscores":[214],"importance":[216],"precise":[218],"wording":[219],"experimental":[221],"design":[222],"potentially":[224],"explains":[225],"why":[226],"treatments":[228],"do":[229],"yield":[231],"dramatically":[232],"different":[233],"results":[234],"real-money":[237],"treatments.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00"}
