{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061191927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s001650050033","title":"The Changing Face of Standardization: A Place for Formal Methods?","display_name":"The Changing Face of Standardization: A Place for Formal Methods?","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061191927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s001650050033","mag":"2061191927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s001650050033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s001650050033","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/s001650050033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/s001650050033","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003165248","display_name":"David Duce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-0745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286704778","display_name":"Rutherford Appleton Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03gq8fr08","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286704778","https://openalex.org/I162524378","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Duce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxford, UK, GB","Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxford, UK, GB#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxford, UK, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286704778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxford, UK, GB#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286704778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074352715","display_name":"David Duke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Duke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, Heslington, York, UK, GB","University of York, Heslington, York, UK, GB#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, Heslington, York, UK, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, Heslington, York, UK, GB#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027001288","display_name":"G. Faconti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Faconti","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-CNUCE, Pisa, Italy, IT","CNR-CNUCE, Pisa, Italy, IT#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-CNUCE, Pisa, Italy, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-CNUCE, Pisa, Italy, IT#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091459619","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n Herman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-2704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341640284","display_name":"Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica","ror":"https://ror.org/00x7ekv49","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284","https://openalex.org/I2800991832","https://openalex.org/I4405262988"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Herman","raw_affiliation_strings":["CWI, Kruislaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, NL","CWI, Kruislaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, NL#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CWI, Kruislaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, NL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CWI, Kruislaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, NL#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341640284"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6058,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91951122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7422595024108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.7274474501609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.6645449995994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6055983901023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5440707206726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.5381165146827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.49532952904701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.47822707891464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operability","display_name":"Operability","score":0.42079785466194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.41780516505241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4039245545864105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.34468013048171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1588229537010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10101976990699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0969516932964325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7422595024108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.7274474501609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.6645449995994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6055983901023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5440707206726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.5381165146827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49532952904701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.47822707891464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126231374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061298","display_name":"Operability","level":2,"score":0.42079785466194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41780516505241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4039245545864105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.34468013048171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1588229537010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10101976990699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0969516932964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s001650050033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s001650050033","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/s001650050033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::8a7d8626729841928faa0f5caa1aada8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openportal.isti.cnr.it/doc?id=people______::8a7d8626729841928faa0f5caa1aada8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Formal aspects of computing 11 (1999): 1\u201320. doi:10.1007/s001650050033","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s001650050033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s001650050033","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/s001650050033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320885","display_name":"European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/055zrhj18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2061191927.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2061191927.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503973138","https://openalex.org/W1523903434","https://openalex.org/W1585560040","https://openalex.org/W1586929881","https://openalex.org/W1969602419","https://openalex.org/W1978658794","https://openalex.org/W1979290877","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2004442217","https://openalex.org/W2007883414","https://openalex.org/W2010907769","https://openalex.org/W2027631818","https://openalex.org/W2032981194","https://openalex.org/W2034717157","https://openalex.org/W2077359497","https://openalex.org/W2090779454","https://openalex.org/W2104452490","https://openalex.org/W2106563671","https://openalex.org/W2113486906","https://openalex.org/W2121372686","https://openalex.org/W2141716250","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2147880466","https://openalex.org/W3144368627","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2398720410","https://openalex.org/W1964111820","https://openalex.org/W1509932181","https://openalex.org/W2466983146","https://openalex.org/W2392470639","https://openalex.org/W3136406805","https://openalex.org/W2414571656","https://openalex.org/W2374003153","https://openalex.org/W2351441902","https://openalex.org/W1964924252"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"Many":[1],"of":[2,10,16,24,38,59,65,77,89,99,103,128,144,156],"the":[3,7,14,22,25,55,63,86,100,126,135,142,176,183],"reported":[4],"experiences":[5],"in":[6,32,44,54,141,172,182],"industrial":[8],"use":[9,127],"formal":[11,46,67,129,138,170],"methods":[12,68,139,171],"concern":[13],"development":[15,33,56,143],"products":[17,78],"or":[18,35],"product":[19,115],"families,":[20],"where":[21,62],"utility":[23],"method":[26],"is":[27,53],"linked":[28],"to":[29],"direct":[30],"savings":[31],"costs":[34],"improved":[36,87],"assurance":[37],"quality.":[39],"However,":[40],"one":[41],"other":[42],"area":[43],"which":[45,164],"description":[47,130],"techniques":[48],"make":[49],"a":[50,81,96,104,145,154],"valuable":[51],"contribution":[52],"and":[57,84,117,122,163],"documentation":[58],"International":[60],"Standards,":[61],"cost":[64],"using":[66],"can":[69],"be":[70],"paid":[71],"off":[72],"both":[73],"through":[74,85],"increased":[75],"quality":[76],"that":[79,92,124,137,158,178,185],"implement":[80],"given":[82,175],"standard,":[83],"inter-operability":[88],"different":[90],"implementations":[91],"comes":[93,118],"from":[94,114,160],"having":[95],"precise":[97],"definition":[98],"expected":[101],"behaviour":[102],"conforming":[105],"implementation.":[106],"Standards":[107],"development,":[108,116],"however,":[109],"has":[110],"some":[111],"significant":[112],"differences":[113],"with":[119],"specific":[120],"needs":[121],"constraints":[123],"affect":[125],"techniques.":[131],"This":[132],"paper":[133],"describes":[134,153],"role":[136],"played":[140],"new":[146],"standard":[147],"for":[148,169],"distributed":[149],"multimedia":[150],"presentation.":[151],"It":[152],"number":[155],"issues":[157],"arose":[159],"this":[161],"experience,":[162],"have":[165],"longer":[166],"term":[167],"importance":[168],"standards,":[173],"particularly":[174],"changes":[177],"are":[179,187],"taking":[180],"place":[181],"way":[184],"standards":[186],"developed.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}