{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2782289391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","title":"Model-based testing of probabilistic systems","display_name":"Model-based testing of probabilistic systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2782289391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","mag":"2782289391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045316548","display_name":"Marcus Gerhold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2655-9617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Gerhold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Formal Methods and Tools Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Formal Methods and Tools Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053065289","display_name":"Mari\u00eblle Stoelinga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6793-8165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mari\u00eblle Stoelinga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Formal Methods and Tools Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Formal Methods and Tools Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"fwci":5.583,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"77","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soundness","display_name":"Soundness","score":0.8643078207969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.747260570526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.720862865447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6381865739822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6219500303268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.5838103294372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.46822071075439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completeness","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","score":0.44891247153282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-testing","display_name":"Model-based testing","score":0.4375995695590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-testing","display_name":"Random testing","score":0.4307393431663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformance-testing","display_name":"Conformance testing","score":0.4136029779911041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-under-test","display_name":"System under test","score":0.4132648706436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.4059755504131317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3878723680973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.37536653876304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1703977882862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1647554337978363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16058394312858582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693083","display_name":"Soundness","level":2,"score":0.8643078207969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.747260570526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.720862865447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6381865739822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6219500303268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.5838103294372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.46822071075439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.44891247153282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.4375995695590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146789","display_name":"Random testing","level":4,"score":0.4307393431663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76844732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4072285","display_name":"Conformance testing","level":3,"score":0.4136029779911041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.4132648706436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.4059755504131317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3878723680973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.37536653876304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1703977882862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1647554337978363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16058394312858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/60553a84-f581-44a1-a294-b49bdd8f41a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/60553a84-f581-44a1-a294-b49bdd8f41a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gerhold, M & Stoelinga, M 2018, 'Model-based testing of probabilistic systems', Formal aspects of computing, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 77-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00165-017-0440-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321015","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2782289391.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2782289391.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180513329","https://openalex.org/W259536784","https://openalex.org/W1207234815","https://openalex.org/W1498432697","https://openalex.org/W1504378062","https://openalex.org/W1519975715","https://openalex.org/W1524948529","https://openalex.org/W1531316389","https://openalex.org/W1533361503","https://openalex.org/W1533572394","https://openalex.org/W1545761035","https://openalex.org/W1560643704","https://openalex.org/W1561218590","https://openalex.org/W1597655219","https://openalex.org/W1604458898","https://openalex.org/W1850900101","https://openalex.org/W1917575172","https://openalex.org/W1969276979","https://openalex.org/W1971521743","https://openalex.org/W1986755980","https://openalex.org/W1992008267","https://openalex.org/W1994844990","https://openalex.org/W2015123066","https://openalex.org/W2038373047","https://openalex.org/W2049988785","https://openalex.org/W2083160828","https://openalex.org/W2098737431","https://openalex.org/W2103559378","https://openalex.org/W2105080323","https://openalex.org/W2107360681","https://openalex.org/W2108886305","https://openalex.org/W2112640524","https://openalex.org/W2119114512","https://openalex.org/W2119567691","https://openalex.org/W2121753274","https://openalex.org/W2122515544","https://openalex.org/W2122774732","https://openalex.org/W2123469736","https://openalex.org/W2126818664","https://openalex.org/W2132549513","https://openalex.org/W2134991157","https://openalex.org/W2137865376","https://openalex.org/W2146187895","https://openalex.org/W2151511199","https://openalex.org/W2153509445","https://openalex.org/W2153717963","https://openalex.org/W2157144873","https://openalex.org/W2163369706","https://openalex.org/W2166352318","https://openalex.org/W2171109896","https://openalex.org/W2226985919","https://openalex.org/W2336416123","https://openalex.org/W2414501716","https://openalex.org/W2588048676","https://openalex.org/W2603261448","https://openalex.org/W2626293886","https://openalex.org/W3105798384","https://openalex.org/W3137473915","https://openalex.org/W3143822685","https://openalex.org/W3145222414","https://openalex.org/W4246266336","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298023569","https://openalex.org/W6640141470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132455670","https://openalex.org/W2378154521","https://openalex.org/W2367648971","https://openalex.org/W147875353","https://openalex.org/W2394172897","https://openalex.org/W2204156854","https://openalex.org/W2061183036","https://openalex.org/W2114226943","https://openalex.org/W3110086843","https://openalex.org/W4206685142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,172],"work":[2,68],"presents":[3],"an":[4,84],"executable":[5],"model-based":[6,191],"testing":[7],"framework":[8,31,97,121,159,200],"for":[9,73,136],"probabilistic":[10,27,74,146],"systems":[11,156],"with":[12,35],"non-determinism.":[13],"We":[14,91,153],"provide":[15],"algorithms":[16,39],"to":[17,56,79,125,133,169,175],"automatically":[18],"generate,":[19],"execute":[20],"and":[21,103],"evaluate":[22],"test":[23,53,89,114],"cases":[24],"from":[25,129],"a":[26,88,108,113,130,137,187],"requirements":[28],"specification.":[29],"The":[30,142],"connects":[32],"input/output":[33,75],"conformance-theory":[34],"hypothesis":[36],"testing:":[37],"our":[38,67,96,158,199],"handle":[40],"functional":[41],"correctness,":[42],"while":[43,116],"statistical":[44],"methods":[45],"assess,":[46],"if":[47],"the":[48,52,57,61,64,70,93,120,179,196],"frequencies":[49],"observed":[50],"during":[51],"process":[54],"correspond":[55],"probabilities":[58],"specified":[59],"in":[60,190],"requirements.":[62],"At":[63],"core":[65],"of":[66,95,181,198],"lies":[69],"conformance":[71],"relation":[72,100],"conformance,":[76],"enabling":[77],"us":[78,174],"pin":[80],"down":[81],"exactly":[82],"when":[83],"implementation":[85,110],"should":[86],"pass":[87],"case.":[90],"establish":[92],"correctness":[94],"alongside":[98],"this":[99],"as":[101,178],"soundness":[102],"completeness;":[104],"Soundness":[105],"states":[106,118],"that":[107,119,148,164],"correct":[109],"indeed":[111],"passes":[112],"suite,":[115],"completeness":[117],"is":[122,186],"powerful":[123],"enough":[124],"discover":[126],"each":[127,165],"deviation":[128],"specification":[131],"up":[132],"arbitrary":[134],"precision":[135],"sufficiently":[138],"large":[139],"sample":[140],"size.":[141],"underlying":[143],"models":[144],"are":[145],"automata":[147],"allow":[149],"invisible":[150],"internal":[151],"progress.":[152],"incorporate":[154],"divergent":[155],"into":[157],"by":[160],"phrasing":[161],"four":[162],"rules":[163],"well-formed":[166],"system":[167],"needs":[168],"adhere":[170],"to.":[171],"enables":[173],"treat":[176],"divergence":[177],"absence":[180],"output,":[182],"or":[183],"quiescence,":[184],"which":[185],"well-studied":[188],"formalism":[189],"testing.":[192],"Lastly,":[193],"we":[194],"illustrate":[195],"application":[197],"on":[201],"three":[202],"case":[203],"studies.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
