{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118121563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02809-6","title":"Minds of their own? Decoding free will in large language models","display_name":"Minds of their own? Decoding free will in large language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118121563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02809-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02809-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02809-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002896092","display_name":"Andrea Lavazza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2608-2609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125310","display_name":"Pegaso University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxwg632","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Lavazza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Studies, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Studies, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088515052","display_name":"Giuseppe Sartori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6026-0133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Sartori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039029789","display_name":"Mirko Farina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-6549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119045251","display_name":"Huaqiao University","ror":"https://ror.org/03frdh605","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119045251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133012","display_name":"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Engineering and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/03ya3p525","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133012"]}],"countries":["CN","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Farina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neimark University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia","School of Philosophy and Social Development, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neimark University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133012"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Philosophy and Social Development, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119045251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121157320","display_name":"G. Melis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Melis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064823702","display_name":"Graziella Orr\u00f9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8769-7693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graziella Orr\u00f9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088515052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01001624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"4501","last_page":"4513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5449000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5449000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.051100000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.04439999908208847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.5634999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.48829999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compatibilism","display_name":"Compatibilism","score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-agency","display_name":"Moral agency","score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability","display_name":"Liability","score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-will","display_name":"Free will","score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-responsibility","display_name":"Moral responsibility","score":0.3801000118255615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5634999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.48829999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26921437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1551125","display_name":"Compatibilism","level":3,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781439373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11883221","display_name":"Moral agency","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521304379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9476","display_name":"Free will","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111476811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190255","display_name":"Moral responsibility","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57996006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909105","display_name":"Moral disengagement","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26918590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550991","display_name":"Social cognitive theory of morality","level":3,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9158031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909140","display_name":"Moral reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24726157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23407","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126842","display_name":"Philosophy of law","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02809-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02809-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.629459798336029}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W608166339","https://openalex.org/W1577283748","https://openalex.org/W1989920002","https://openalex.org/W2010554337","https://openalex.org/W2123791568","https://openalex.org/W2418890844","https://openalex.org/W2587309656","https://openalex.org/W2773835648","https://openalex.org/W2799750261","https://openalex.org/W2929028679","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3158393649","https://openalex.org/W3200872334","https://openalex.org/W4241177194","https://openalex.org/W4310612472","https://openalex.org/W4313409659","https://openalex.org/W4321277158","https://openalex.org/W4360957277","https://openalex.org/W4377942506","https://openalex.org/W4378505261","https://openalex.org/W4379929613","https://openalex.org/W4380997498","https://openalex.org/W4383815588","https://openalex.org/W4384700339","https://openalex.org/W4385430086","https://openalex.org/W4385693334","https://openalex.org/W4386099774","https://openalex.org/W4387820722","https://openalex.org/W4388786516","https://openalex.org/W4390823087","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4391215636","https://openalex.org/W4391591605","https://openalex.org/W4391592270","https://openalex.org/W4392698767","https://openalex.org/W4392729585","https://openalex.org/W4392742049","https://openalex.org/W4398239258","https://openalex.org/W4399198263","https://openalex.org/W4399511704","https://openalex.org/W4400812267","https://openalex.org/W4402039423","https://openalex.org/W4402352920","https://openalex.org/W4402500863","https://openalex.org/W4403586302","https://openalex.org/W4405987097","https://openalex.org/W4408968357","https://openalex.org/W4411119705","https://openalex.org/W4411652985"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-01-04T00:00:00"}