{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413472956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","title":"What it takes to control AI by design: human learning","display_name":"What it takes to control AI by design: human learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413472956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043754049","display_name":"Dov Te\u2019eni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-8614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dov Te\u2019eni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070441489","display_name":"Inbal Yahav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1513-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inbal Yahav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047203435","display_name":"David G. Schwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043754049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":8.1717,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9765645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"237","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performing-arts","display_name":"Performing arts","score":0.7154956459999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5596910119056702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.46906185150146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46506789326667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3408127427101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.33989202976226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32230472564697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.14207452535629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.09984984993934631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163286209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184485","display_name":"Performing arts","level":2,"score":0.7154956459999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5596910119056702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.46906185150146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46506789326667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3408127427101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33989202976226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32230472564697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.14207452535629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.09984984993934631}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02401-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322596","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413472956.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413472956.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119656196","https://openalex.org/W1524824852","https://openalex.org/W2111030512","https://openalex.org/W2112665591","https://openalex.org/W2114524997","https://openalex.org/W2215285550","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2312466690","https://openalex.org/W2312959555","https://openalex.org/W2792435043","https://openalex.org/W2915292867","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2984359749","https://openalex.org/W3013160799","https://openalex.org/W3039772337","https://openalex.org/W3142805939","https://openalex.org/W3194049838","https://openalex.org/W3206213635","https://openalex.org/W3207097194","https://openalex.org/W3217648845","https://openalex.org/W4210651582","https://openalex.org/W4230787006","https://openalex.org/W4280654158","https://openalex.org/W4294541781","https://openalex.org/W4299356718","https://openalex.org/W4379521325","https://openalex.org/W4380537897","https://openalex.org/W4385200370","https://openalex.org/W4386038722","https://openalex.org/W4388655853","https://openalex.org/W4389626125","https://openalex.org/W4390507962","https://openalex.org/W4393928644","https://openalex.org/W4394849794","https://openalex.org/W4398133596","https://openalex.org/W4399070176","https://openalex.org/W4405356889","https://openalex.org/W4406643990","https://openalex.org/W4406778798","https://openalex.org/W4408449262","https://openalex.org/W4408580801","https://openalex.org/W4411858725","https://openalex.org/W4412505606","https://openalex.org/W4412721961","https://openalex.org/W6630126088","https://openalex.org/W6780161852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158488214","https://openalex.org/W2036035404","https://openalex.org/W2886310615","https://openalex.org/W2356346261","https://openalex.org/W2353866318","https://openalex.org/W2478778511","https://openalex.org/W3196630210","https://openalex.org/W2369210017","https://openalex.org/W2802336468","https://openalex.org/W2364338942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Experts":[1],"in":[2,16,55,79,86,93,155,182,212,217,228,234],"government,":[3],"academia,":[4],"and":[5,54,90,102,109,114,123,131,176,190,197,215],"practice":[6],"are":[7,27],"increasingly":[8],"concerned":[9],"about":[10],"the":[11,21,32,65,96,103,134,213,243],"need":[12],"for":[13,106,129,152,223],"human":[14,62,74,140,201,206],"oversight":[15,178],"critical":[17,156,229],"human\u2013AI":[18,66,83,149],"systems.":[19],"At":[20],"same":[22],"time,":[23],"traditional":[24],"control":[25,50,63,108,141,227],"designs":[26,187],"proving":[28],"inadequate":[29],"to":[30,76,138,147,171,210,240],"handle":[31],"complexities":[33],"of":[34,58,99,116,226],"new":[35],"AI":[36,230],"technologies.":[37],"Incorporating":[38],"insights":[39],"from":[40],"systems":[41,232],"theory,":[42],"we":[43,158,163],"propose":[44],"a":[45,119,148,161,183,224],"robust":[46],"framework":[47,69,220],"that":[48,194],"elucidates":[49],"at":[51],"multiple":[52,56],"levels":[53],"modes":[57],"operation,":[59],"ensuring":[60],"meaningful":[61],"over":[64,142],"system.":[67],"Our":[68,219],"is":[70,195],"built":[71],"on":[72],"continual":[73],"learning":[75,104,167],"match":[77],"advances":[78],"machine":[80],"learning.":[81],"The":[82],"system":[84,112,136,151],"operates":[85],"two":[87],"modes:":[88],"stable":[89,184],"adaptive,":[91],"which,":[92],"combination,":[94],"enable":[95],"effective":[97,107,205],"use":[98],"big":[100],"data":[101],"necessary":[105],"adaptation.":[110],"Each":[111],"level":[113,137],"mode":[115,175],"operation":[117],"requires":[118],"specific":[120],"control-feedback":[121],"loop,":[122],"all":[124],"controls":[125],"must":[126],"be":[127,169,180],"aligned":[128,199],"performance":[130,193],"values":[132],"with":[133,200],"higher":[135],"provide":[139],"AI.":[143],"Applying":[144],"these":[145],"ideas":[146],"decision":[150,231],"text":[153],"classification":[154,192],"applications,":[157],"demonstrate":[159],"how":[160,177],"method":[162],"call":[164],"reciprocal":[165],"human\u2013machine":[166],"can":[168,179],"designed":[170],"facilitate":[172],"an":[173],"adaptive":[174],"implemented":[181],"mode.":[185],"These":[186],"yield":[188],"high":[189],"consistent":[191],"unbiased":[196],"closely":[198],"values.":[202],"It":[203],"ensures":[204],"learning,":[207],"enabling":[208],"humans":[209,238],"stay":[211,216],"loop":[214],"control.":[218],"provides":[221],"spadework":[222],"model":[225],"operating":[233],"volatile":[235],"environments,":[236],"where":[237],"continue":[239],"learn":[241],"alongside":[242],"machine.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
