{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408951996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","title":"Legal frameworks for AI service business participants: a comparative analysis of liability protection across jurisdictions","display_name":"Legal frameworks for AI service business participants: a comparative analysis of liability protection across jurisdictions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408951996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093046446","display_name":"Mayumi J. Okuno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-0206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158123994","display_name":"Toyo University","ror":"https://ror.org/059d6yn51","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158123994"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mayumi J. Okuno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-0206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158123994"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005141184","display_name":"Hiroshi G. Okuno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-4318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi G. Okuno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-4318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093046446"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158123994"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":5.2949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95074768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"7","first_page":"5667","last_page":"5683"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.6174056529998779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability","display_name":"Liability","score":0.5245599746704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.42806389927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-comparative-analysis","display_name":"Qualitative comparative analysis","score":0.4181213974952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deontic-logic","display_name":"Deontic logic","score":0.416145384311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3663880228996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3244588375091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1964426338672638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19475099444389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.16572028398513794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6174056529998779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.5245599746704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.42806389927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94617000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639854","display_name":"Qualitative comparative analysis","level":2,"score":0.4181213974952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6377922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302542","display_name":"Deontic logic","level":2,"score":0.416145384311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3663880228996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3244588375091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1964426338672638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19475099444389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.16572028398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02288-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7907346843","display_name":"Issues raised by open source in the legalization of AI and Robots","funder_award_id":"22K12210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408951996.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564632188","https://openalex.org/W2269870390","https://openalex.org/W2616399473","https://openalex.org/W2800456478","https://openalex.org/W2913848079","https://openalex.org/W2997474044","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3023244064","https://openalex.org/W3025835448","https://openalex.org/W3111886221","https://openalex.org/W3120664440","https://openalex.org/W3124443940","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W3145910327","https://openalex.org/W3154266813","https://openalex.org/W3187783743","https://openalex.org/W3191826040","https://openalex.org/W3193997983","https://openalex.org/W3200400919","https://openalex.org/W4213044365","https://openalex.org/W4220748327","https://openalex.org/W4250030520","https://openalex.org/W4287637349","https://openalex.org/W4298001211","https://openalex.org/W4307529835","https://openalex.org/W4317748910","https://openalex.org/W4321337155","https://openalex.org/W4362583878","https://openalex.org/W4385788403","https://openalex.org/W4386689591","https://openalex.org/W4388499666","https://openalex.org/W4389115131","https://openalex.org/W4392242720","https://openalex.org/W4392291614","https://openalex.org/W4392306074","https://openalex.org/W4393003817","https://openalex.org/W4393166469","https://openalex.org/W4396815676","https://openalex.org/W4399897648","https://openalex.org/W4400145548","https://openalex.org/W4400337215","https://openalex.org/W7144145031","https://openalex.org/W7144269541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W95169359","https://openalex.org/W2965429290","https://openalex.org/W2005488736","https://openalex.org/W3022720326","https://openalex.org/W17021890","https://openalex.org/W4381280559","https://openalex.org/W2391090893","https://openalex.org/W2607436957","https://openalex.org/W3021433804","https://openalex.org/W1501413178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,72,99,189,201,211],"AI":[4,29,67,93,119,136,147,160,166,178,190,220,224,240,249,254],"service":[5,94],"businesses":[6,95],"presents":[7],"significant":[8],"legal":[9,24,79,90,127,216],"and":[10,19,39,50,55,63,101,108,118,140,152,162,206,214,248],"financial":[11],"challenges,":[12],"particularly":[13],"concerning":[14],"liability":[15,61,133,193,202,237],"protection,":[16],"regulatory":[17,40,109],"compliance,":[18],"risk":[20,105,150,241],"mitigation.":[21],"A":[22,69],"robust":[23],"framework":[25],"is":[26,75],"essential":[27],"as":[28,81,157,172],"enterprises":[30],"navigate":[31],"issues":[32],"like":[33],"algorithmic":[34],"bias,":[35],"misinformation,":[36],"privacy":[37],"violations,":[38],"inconsistencies.":[41],"This":[42,111,180],"paper":[43,130,181],"examines":[44,144],"how":[45,132],"business":[46,116,196,250],"structures\u2014Godo-Kaisha":[47],"in":[48,58,66,121,204,218],"Japan":[49,205],"Limited":[51],"Liability":[52],"Companies":[53],"(LLCs)":[54],"Series":[56,169,212],"LLCs":[57,170,213],"the":[59,97,113,145,158,163,207],"U.S.\u2014shape":[60],"exposure":[62,194],"corporate":[64,138,227],"governance":[65,120,154,225],"enterprises.":[68],"key":[70,184],"contribution":[71],"this":[73,129,229],"study":[74,230],"its":[76],"focus":[77],"on":[78,192],"structures":[80,134,217],"a":[82,173,232],"foundation":[83,234],"for":[84,195,235,245],"AI\u2019s":[85],"social":[86],"implementation":[87],".":[88],"Granting":[89],"status":[91],"to":[92,176],"enables":[96],"assignment":[98],"rights":[100],"obligations,":[102],"ensuring":[103],"effective":[104],"allocation,":[106],"governance,":[107,137],"compliance.":[110,142],"highlights":[112],"interaction":[114],"between":[115],"law":[117],"fostering":[122],"responsible":[123],"innovation.":[124],"Through":[125],"comparative":[126],"analysis,":[128],"explores":[131],"influence":[135],"accountability,":[139],"ethical":[141],"It":[143],"EU":[146],"Act\u2019s":[148],"dual-axis":[149],"classification":[151],"emerging":[153],"models":[155],"such":[156],"OECD":[159],"Principles":[161],"G7":[164],"Hiroshima":[165],"Process,":[167],"with":[168,226,239],"proposed":[171],"novel":[174],"approach":[175],"fluctuating":[177],"risks.":[179],"addresses":[182],"three":[183],"research":[185],"questions:":[186],"(1)":[187],"Impact":[188],"risks":[191],"participants.":[197],"(2)":[198],"Comparative":[199],"analysis":[200],"protection":[203,238],"U.S.":[208],"(3)":[209],"Role":[210],"other":[215],"enhancing":[219],"business.":[221],"By":[222],"integrating":[223],"law,":[228],"provides":[231],"theoretical":[233],"aligning":[236],"landscapes,":[242],"offering":[243],"insights":[244],"lawmakers,":[246],"policymakers,":[247],"participants":[251],"navigating":[252],"global":[253],"regulations.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
