{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410462198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","title":"Trusting the (un)trustworthy? A new conceptual approach to the ethics of social care robots","display_name":"Trusting the (un)trustworthy? A new conceptual approach to the ethics of social care robots","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410462198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030852607","display_name":"Joan Llorca Albareda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4889-3859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joan Llorca Albareda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy I, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18011, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4889-3859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy I, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18011, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088751887","display_name":"Bel\u00e9n Liedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8109-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134243","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03bjn0010","country_code":"LK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143018","display_name":"Institute of History","ror":"https://ror.org/03renyq06","country_code":"HU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131266","https://openalex.org/I4210143018","https://openalex.org/I7597260"]}],"countries":["HU","LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bel\u00e9n Liedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Philosophy, Spanish National Research Council, Albasanz Street, 26-28, 28017, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8109-8454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Philosophy, Spanish National Research Council, Albasanz Street, 26-28, 28017, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134243","https://openalex.org/I4210143018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064144398","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Victoria Mart\u00ednez\u2010L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-1413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Victoria Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing, University of Granada, Health Technology Park, 18016, Granada, Spain","Department of Philosophy I, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18011, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-1413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing, University of Granada, Health Technology Park, 18016, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy I, University of Granada, University Campus of Cartuja, 18011, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030852607"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":7.1447,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96699216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"8","first_page":"5903","last_page":"5918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.7549513578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.49019771814346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.4839501678943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"Conceptual framework","score":0.4817393124103546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4675261974334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performing-arts","display_name":"Performing arts","score":0.44737234711647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-model","display_name":"Conceptual model","score":0.4117676615715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.40956228971481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.38979285955429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-ethics","display_name":"Environmental ethics","score":0.34075403213500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3353874087333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.3269695043563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3108063340187073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3053584098815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2968035042285919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20196333527565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.15950003266334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.14504393935203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1313474178314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.08704528212547302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.7549513578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.49019771814346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4839501678943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.4817393124103546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4675261974334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163286209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184485","display_name":"Performing arts","level":2,"score":0.44737234711647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.4117676615715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40956228971481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.38979285955429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.34075403213500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3353874087333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3269695043563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3108063340187073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3053584098815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2968035042285919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20196333527565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.15950003266334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.14504393935203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1313474178314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.08704528212547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/413920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/413920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-025-02274-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323834","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331769","display_name":"Universidad de Le\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410462198.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410462198.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122549942","https://openalex.org/W649822682","https://openalex.org/W814872039","https://openalex.org/W1541150436","https://openalex.org/W1581839061","https://openalex.org/W1638773224","https://openalex.org/W1892502720","https://openalex.org/W1972297078","https://openalex.org/W1974089863","https://openalex.org/W1985215883","https://openalex.org/W1996117481","https://openalex.org/W2000382281","https://openalex.org/W2003227152","https://openalex.org/W2007588505","https://openalex.org/W2018184406","https://openalex.org/W2023377725","https://openalex.org/W2024895316","https://openalex.org/W2032160998","https://openalex.org/W2036445299","https://openalex.org/W2041656516","https://openalex.org/W2058583438","https://openalex.org/W2067798677","https://openalex.org/W2072862483","https://openalex.org/W2076869047","https://openalex.org/W2077971481","https://openalex.org/W2079783432","https://openalex.org/W2087710120","https://openalex.org/W2094251476","https://openalex.org/W2106175837","https://openalex.org/W2107678607","https://openalex.org/W2112880115","https://openalex.org/W2115742564","https://openalex.org/W2117567750","https://openalex.org/W2131554141","https://openalex.org/W2135115712","https://openalex.org/W2143063108","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2166503266","https://openalex.org/W2200293884","https://openalex.org/W2209827721","https://openalex.org/W2227387146","https://openalex.org/W2264974692","https://openalex.org/W2319078348","https://openalex.org/W2324821434","https://openalex.org/W2335045785","https://openalex.org/W2480957541","https://openalex.org/W2508058976","https://openalex.org/W2508537652","https://openalex.org/W2526702845","https://openalex.org/W2738218048","https://openalex.org/W2751850041","https://openalex.org/W2804338086","https://openalex.org/W2888563180","https://openalex.org/W2911772936","https://openalex.org/W2938236692","https://openalex.org/W2960368750","https://openalex.org/W2973971968","https://openalex.org/W2990128112","https://openalex.org/W2991493714","https://openalex.org/W2992771879","https://openalex.org/W2996347556","https://openalex.org/W3013156975","https://openalex.org/W3026843963","https://openalex.org/W3027749704","https://openalex.org/W3040912165","https://openalex.org/W3100983593","https://openalex.org/W3116417471","https://openalex.org/W3142302406","https://openalex.org/W3157872126","https://openalex.org/W3158863412","https://openalex.org/W3173559379","https://openalex.org/W3178408645","https://openalex.org/W3182073415","https://openalex.org/W3197328310","https://openalex.org/W3198548190","https://openalex.org/W3210476684","https://openalex.org/W4200390764","https://openalex.org/W4210729066","https://openalex.org/W4230619167","https://openalex.org/W4232036072","https://openalex.org/W4235092092","https://openalex.org/W4244383376","https://openalex.org/W4247462173","https://openalex.org/W4295095133","https://openalex.org/W4298115636","https://openalex.org/W4300459321","https://openalex.org/W4310729432","https://openalex.org/W4383649040","https://openalex.org/W4388125501","https://openalex.org/W4390474539","https://openalex.org/W4390474551","https://openalex.org/W4393100059","https://openalex.org/W4401142165","https://openalex.org/W4401189700","https://openalex.org/W4402439351","https://openalex.org/W4408048937","https://openalex.org/W6699767086","https://openalex.org/W6931745035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2465594120","https://openalex.org/W4391024416","https://openalex.org/W3213607208","https://openalex.org/W2548786942","https://openalex.org/W4294782963","https://openalex.org/W3188047445","https://openalex.org/W4360615222","https://openalex.org/W3196405127","https://openalex.org/W4212920570","https://openalex.org/W2323350421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Social":[1],"care":[2,24,57,77,149,162,180,218,228],"robots":[3,18,48,210],"(SCR)":[4],"have":[5,31,189,239],"come":[6],"to":[7,53,70,85,101,236],"the":[8,11,15,22,35,41,55,87,103,173,201],"forefront":[9],"of":[10,17,37,45,94,105,130,146,161,176,217,259],"ethical":[12],"debate.":[13],"While":[14],"possibility":[16],"helping":[19],"us":[20],"tackle":[21],"global":[23],"crisis":[25],"is":[26,171],"promising":[27],"for":[28,40,150,250],"some,":[29],"others":[30],"raised":[32],"concerns":[33],"about":[34],"adequacy":[36],"AI-driven":[38],"technologies":[39],"ethically":[42,109],"complex":[43],"world":[44],"care.":[46],"The":[47,207],"do":[49,66],"not":[50,67,172,220],"seem":[51,68],"able":[52,69],"provide":[54],"comprehensive":[56],"many":[58],"people":[59],"demand":[60],"and":[61,75,135,203,245,261],"deserve,":[62],"at":[63,200],"least":[64],"they":[65,119,197,223],"engage":[71,212],"in":[72,179,213,227,257],"humane,":[73],"emotion-laden":[74],"significant":[76],"relationships.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80,123,170],"article,":[81],"we":[82,111,125,187],"will":[83,98,140,183,231],"propose":[84,126,246],"focus":[86],"debate":[88],"on":[89],"a":[90,127,155,247],"particularly":[91],"relevant":[92,144],"aspect":[93],"care:":[95],"trust.":[96],"We":[97,139,182,230],"argue":[99,141],"that,":[100,185],"answer":[102],"question":[104],"whether":[106,118],"SCR":[107,238],"are":[108,120,198],"acceptable,":[110],"must":[112],"first":[113],"address":[114],"another":[115],"question,":[116],"namely,":[117],"trustworthy.":[121],"To":[122],"end,":[124],"three-level":[128],"model":[129,249],"trust":[131,177,256],"analysis:":[132],"rational,":[133],"motivational":[134,205],"personal":[136,157,193],"or":[137,158,191],"intimate.":[138],"that":[142,163,209,222,233],"some":[143,214],"forms":[145],"caregiving":[147],"(especially":[148],"highly":[151,192],"dependent":[152],"persons)":[153],"require":[154],"very":[156],"intimate":[159,190],"type":[160,175],"distinguishes":[164],"it":[165],"from":[166],"other":[167],"contexts.":[168,229],"Nevertheless,":[169],"only":[174],"happening":[178],"spaces.":[181],"adduce":[184],"while":[186],"cannot":[188,211,224],"relationships":[194],"with":[195],"robots,":[196],"trustworthy":[199],"rational":[202],"thin":[204],"level.":[206],"fact":[208],"(personal)":[215],"aspects":[216],"does":[219],"mean":[221],"be":[225],"useful":[226],"defend":[232],"critical":[234],"approaches":[235],"trusting":[237],"been":[240],"sustained":[241],"by":[242],"two":[243],"misconceptions":[244],"new":[248],"analyzing":[251],"their":[252],"moral":[253],"acceptability:":[254],"sociotechnical":[255],"teams":[258],"humans":[260],"robots.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-05-18T00:00:00"}
