{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400609463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","title":"Net versus relative impacts in public policy automation: a conjoint analysis of attitudes of Black Americans","display_name":"Net versus relative impacts in public policy automation: a conjoint analysis of attitudes of Black Americans","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400609463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083612947","display_name":"Ryan Kennedy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1881-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Kennedy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston, Houston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113179781","display_name":"Amanda Austin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Austin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston, Houston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015716456","display_name":"Michael O. Adams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","display_name":"Texas Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ch0aw77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Southern University, Houston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Southern University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025674481","display_name":"Carroll Robinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","display_name":"Texas Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ch0aw77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carroll Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Southern University, Houston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Southern University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044864384","display_name":"Peter Salib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Salib","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston, Houston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083612947"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13828427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"2571","last_page":"2583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantaged","display_name":"Disadvantaged","score":0.6862373948097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.556167721748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjoint-analysis","display_name":"Conjoint analysis","score":0.5428065061569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5366171598434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-experiment","display_name":"Randomized experiment","score":0.49045059084892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4763343930244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.45390474796295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4306785464286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-economics","display_name":"Public economics","score":0.38815680146217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.35788261890411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.34156087040901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.3382410407066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.32655471563339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2626054286956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.20806747674942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1775246560573578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.14362359046936035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.6862373948097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.556167721748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778054375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203973","display_name":"Conjoint analysis","level":3,"score":0.5428065061569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5366171598434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155108698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231081","display_name":"Randomized experiment","level":2,"score":0.49045059084892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4763343930244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.45390474796295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4306785464286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.38815680146217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35788261890411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.34156087040901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3382410407066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.32655471563339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2626054286956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20806747674942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1775246560573578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.14362359046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01975-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2279281409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2131504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4532416003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DASS-2131504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332502","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400609463.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400609463.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556138624","https://openalex.org/W2039876175","https://openalex.org/W2045942378","https://openalex.org/W2115489371","https://openalex.org/W2117245359","https://openalex.org/W2126462424","https://openalex.org/W2128769827","https://openalex.org/W2128805528","https://openalex.org/W2144981148","https://openalex.org/W2166789068","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2182629820","https://openalex.org/W2232870322","https://openalex.org/W2314625044","https://openalex.org/W2320616603","https://openalex.org/W2550925836","https://openalex.org/W2578180596","https://openalex.org/W2605751614","https://openalex.org/W2607541615","https://openalex.org/W2745098867","https://openalex.org/W2749112918","https://openalex.org/W2784542055","https://openalex.org/W2785011159","https://openalex.org/W2944811075","https://openalex.org/W2981041627","https://openalex.org/W2994814799","https://openalex.org/W2999513617","https://openalex.org/W3005254922","https://openalex.org/W3012513771","https://openalex.org/W3018383509","https://openalex.org/W3028796363","https://openalex.org/W3033166993","https://openalex.org/W3121654114","https://openalex.org/W3122178585","https://openalex.org/W3123805385","https://openalex.org/W3124700334","https://openalex.org/W3125719729","https://openalex.org/W3132132735","https://openalex.org/W3145180990","https://openalex.org/W3156458201","https://openalex.org/W3172615132","https://openalex.org/W3173027639","https://openalex.org/W3197224528","https://openalex.org/W3217005382","https://openalex.org/W4205934200","https://openalex.org/W4207012491","https://openalex.org/W4224992224","https://openalex.org/W4230228350","https://openalex.org/W4230250097","https://openalex.org/W4248301280","https://openalex.org/W4281664370","https://openalex.org/W4283375880","https://openalex.org/W4283814762","https://openalex.org/W4311481086","https://openalex.org/W4312236423","https://openalex.org/W4313528339","https://openalex.org/W4366609887","https://openalex.org/W4386568526","https://openalex.org/W4387820495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366769580","https://openalex.org/W2350227609","https://openalex.org/W3140304255","https://openalex.org/W1546741102","https://openalex.org/W2353368610","https://openalex.org/W2385913382","https://openalex.org/W2388183047","https://openalex.org/W2002810666","https://openalex.org/W3005664739","https://openalex.org/W4200261492"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,140],"use":[2,23,43],"of":[3,67,92,100,116,151,177],"algorithms":[4],"and":[5,30,121,136,180],"automated":[6],"systems,":[7],"especially":[8,50],"those":[9],"leveraging":[10],"artificial":[11],"intelligence":[12],"(AI),":[13],"has":[14,24,62],"been":[15,25],"exploding":[16],"in":[17,37,110,119,129,153,155],"the":[18,46,76,86,114,122],"public":[19,28],"sector,":[20],"but":[21],"their":[22,42,162],"controversial.":[26],"Ethicists,":[27],"advocates,":[29],"legal":[31],"scholars":[32,66],"have":[33,72],"debated":[34],"whether":[35],"biases":[36],"AI":[38],"systems":[39],"should":[40],"bar":[41],"or":[44,107],"if":[45],"potential":[47],"net":[48,123,159],"benefits,":[49],"toward":[51],"traditionally":[52],"disadvantaged":[53],"groups,":[54],"justify":[55],"even":[56],"greater":[57],"expansion.":[58],"While":[59],"this":[60,167],"debate":[61,168],"become":[63],"voluminous,":[64],"no":[65],"which":[68,111],"we":[69,112],"are":[70,145],"aware":[71],"conducted":[73],"experiments":[74,95],"with":[75,96],"groups":[77],"affected":[78],"by":[79],"these":[80],"policies":[81],"about":[82],"how":[83],"they":[84],"view":[85],"trade-offs.":[87],"We":[88],"conduct":[89],"a":[90,97],"set":[91],"two":[93,130],"conjoint":[94],"high-quality":[98],"sample":[99],"973":[101],"Americans":[102],"who":[103],"identify":[104],"as":[105],"Black":[106],"African":[108],"American":[109],"randomize":[113],"levels":[115],"inter-group":[117],"disparity":[118,152],"outcomes":[120,128,154],"effect":[124],"on":[125,184],"such":[126],"adverse":[127],"highly":[131],"controversial":[132],"contexts:":[133],"pre-trial":[134],"detention":[135],"traffic":[137],"camera":[138],"ticketing.":[139],"results":[141,165],"suggest":[142],"that":[143],"respondents":[144],"willing":[146],"to":[147],"tolerate":[148],"some":[149],"level":[150],"exchange":[156],"for":[157,161],"certain":[158],"improvements":[160],"community.":[163],"These":[164],"turn":[166],"from":[169],"an":[170,175],"abstract":[171],"ethical":[172],"argument":[173],"into":[174],"evaluation":[176],"political":[178],"feasibility":[179],"policy":[181],"design":[182],"based":[183],"empirics.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
