{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391925596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","title":"Ethical governance of artificial intelligence for defence: normative tradeoffs for principle to practice guidance","display_name":"Ethical governance of artificial intelligence for defence: normative tradeoffs for principle to practice guidance","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391925596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052176262","display_name":"Alexander Blanchard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-3037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Blanchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101595876","display_name":"Christopher E. Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8817-4977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032735","display_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052176262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":14.0621,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98879837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"1","first_page":"185","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9429000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.7479212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.6042969822883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5817412734031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.576471209526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.5756306648254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5013020038604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder","display_name":"Stakeholder","score":0.4307842254638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.40122926235198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.382181316614151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.38072994351387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3531617224216461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.32532501220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21028205752372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.2089531123638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.1963762640953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.13334089517593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.12766972184181213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.7479212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.6042969822883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5817412734031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.576471209526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5756306648254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5013020038604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.4307842254638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.40122926235198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.382181316614151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.38072994351387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3531617224216461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32532501220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21028205752372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2089531123638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.1963762640953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13334089517593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12766972184181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-01866-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5269853103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R-DST-TFS/D2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","funder_display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04jswqb94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391925596.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975028734","https://openalex.org/W2027002372","https://openalex.org/W2028770837","https://openalex.org/W2072388501","https://openalex.org/W2079283960","https://openalex.org/W2100967449","https://openalex.org/W2105381872","https://openalex.org/W2119709966","https://openalex.org/W2131803470","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2635353767","https://openalex.org/W2768432182","https://openalex.org/W2888649442","https://openalex.org/W2897154134","https://openalex.org/W2897178686","https://openalex.org/W2899367046","https://openalex.org/W2910714927","https://openalex.org/W2912950309","https://openalex.org/W2942040262","https://openalex.org/W2944988415","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2954266614","https://openalex.org/W2956792022","https://openalex.org/W2988426299","https://openalex.org/W2990856437","https://openalex.org/W2996541402","https://openalex.org/W2997335426","https://openalex.org/W2999909477","https://openalex.org/W3003385079","https://openalex.org/W3009499878","https://openalex.org/W3026607820","https://openalex.org/W3033706782","https://openalex.org/W3042309366","https://openalex.org/W3092263108","https://openalex.org/W3092523763","https://openalex.org/W3102666624","https://openalex.org/W3129794348","https://openalex.org/W3130234976","https://openalex.org/W3130337442","https://openalex.org/W3134214835","https://openalex.org/W3134362900","https://openalex.org/W3175297548","https://openalex.org/W3177473168","https://openalex.org/W3178786669","https://openalex.org/W3182976505","https://openalex.org/W3191275765","https://openalex.org/W3199196172","https://openalex.org/W3204971779","https://openalex.org/W4205433436","https://openalex.org/W4214629857","https://openalex.org/W4220929609","https://openalex.org/W4226152248","https://openalex.org/W4232902877","https://openalex.org/W4233075943","https://openalex.org/W4283168787","https://openalex.org/W4289920316","https://openalex.org/W4292731246","https://openalex.org/W4293333624","https://openalex.org/W4319348251","https://openalex.org/W4362611482","https://openalex.org/W4392742049","https://openalex.org/W6796547305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2494121465","https://openalex.org/W4377233172","https://openalex.org/W1854749775","https://openalex.org/W4312971597","https://openalex.org/W2129556718","https://openalex.org/W1970818898","https://openalex.org/W2350665531","https://openalex.org/W2906160980","https://openalex.org/W2154949144","https://openalex.org/W3199802296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"rapid":[2],"diffusion":[3],"of":[4,19,31,38,67,95,113,122,128,146],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"(AI)":[7],"technologies":[8],"in":[9,89,99],"the":[10,16,26,29,65,72,79,93,100,106,111,116,120,126,144],"defence":[11,42,101],"domain":[12],"raises":[13],"challenges":[14],"for":[15,70,92,130,138],"ethical":[17,68],"governance":[18],"these":[20,140],"systems.":[21],"A":[22],"recent":[23],"shift":[24],"from":[25],"what":[27],"to":[28,47],"how":[30],"AI":[32,49,96,107],"ethics":[33,50,97],"sees":[34],"a":[35,56,147],"nascent":[36],"body":[37],"literature":[39],"published":[40],"by":[41],"organisations":[43],"focussed":[44],"on":[45],"guidance":[46,63,91],"implement":[48],"principles.":[51],"These":[52,103],"efforts":[53],"have":[54],"neglected":[55],"crucial":[57],"intermediate":[58],"step":[59],"between":[60],"principles":[61,98],"and":[62,83,125,132,142],"concerning":[64],"elicitation":[66],"requirements":[69],"specifying":[71,90],"guidance.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"we":[77],"outline":[78],"key":[80],"normative":[81],"choices":[82],"corresponding":[84],"tradeoffs":[85,141],"that":[86],"are":[87],"involved":[88],"implementation":[94],"domain.":[102],"correspond":[104],"to:":[105],"lifecycle":[108],"model":[109],"used;":[110],"scope":[112],"stakeholder":[114],"involvement;":[115],"accountability":[117],"goals":[118],"chosen;":[119],"choice":[121,127],"auditing":[123],"requirements;":[124],"mechanisms":[129],"transparency":[131],"traceability.":[133],"We":[134],"provide":[135],"initial":[136],"recommendations":[137],"navigating":[139],"highlight":[143],"importance":[145],"pro-ethical":[148],"institutional":[149],"culture.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
