{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360829914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","title":"Hey Alexa, why are you called intelligent? An empirical investigation on definitions of AI","display_name":"Hey Alexa, why are you called intelligent? An empirical investigation on definitions of AI","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360829914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069283657","display_name":"Lucas Caluori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3470-0761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161941770","display_name":"University of Lucerne","ror":"https://ror.org/00kgrkn83","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161941770"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81007117","display_name":"Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04nd0xd48","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81007117"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Caluori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of Lucerne, Luzern, 6002, Switzerland","Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Luzern, 6002, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Lucerne, Luzern, 6002, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161941770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Luzern, 6002, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81007117"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069283657"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161941770","https://openalex.org/I81007117"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.6242,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91447815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":"1905","last_page":"1919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5973434448242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.594464123249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5789241194725037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.5653809905052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5262255668640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5129627585411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5056512355804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3675806224346161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3421481251716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3231028616428375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21446368098258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17886203527450562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5973434448242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.594464123249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5789241194725037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5653809905052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5262255668640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5129627585411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5056512355804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3675806224346161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3421481251716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3231028616428375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21446368098258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17886203527450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/608690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/608690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AI & Society, 39 (4)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000608690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000608690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-023-01643-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329977","display_name":"Hochschule Luzern","ror":"https://ror.org/04nd0xd48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360829914.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159321140","https://openalex.org/W1988414589","https://openalex.org/W2070156778","https://openalex.org/W2623293810","https://openalex.org/W2747310458","https://openalex.org/W2907712694","https://openalex.org/W2949624955","https://openalex.org/W2969912247","https://openalex.org/W3162173425","https://openalex.org/W4404345385","https://openalex.org/W6967162606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392768766","https://openalex.org/W2058118494","https://openalex.org/W2095118173","https://openalex.org/W2382021449","https://openalex.org/W2104269053","https://openalex.org/W2106424170","https://openalex.org/W2501188010","https://openalex.org/W4299935056","https://openalex.org/W2768810474","https://openalex.org/W599624254"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"seeks":[3],"to":[4,17,38,59,115,196],"examine":[5],"the":[6,21,26,89,97,100,128,131,135,153,162,166,200],"questions":[7],"of":[8,12,45,50,83,88,110,130,144,152,158,193,202],"what":[9,20,33],"criteria":[10,65,112,122],"definitions":[11,52],"Artificial":[13],"Intelligence":[14],"(AI)":[15],"use":[16],"define":[18,116],"AI,":[19],"disagreements":[22],"that":[23,102,142,189],"revolve":[24],"around":[25],"term":[27],"AI":[28,117,194],"are":[29,67,113,155],"based":[30],"on,":[31],"and":[32,92,180,206],"correlations":[34],"can":[35,139],"be":[36,124,140,185,197],"drawn":[37],"other":[39],"parameters.":[40],"Framed":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43,47,60,171,191],"problem":[44,90],"classification,":[46],"random":[48],"sample":[49],"45":[51],"from":[53],"various":[54],"text":[55],"sources":[56],"was":[57,168],"subjected":[58],"qualitative":[61],"content":[62,159],"analysis.":[63],"The":[64],"found":[66,133],"concluded":[68],"in":[69,164,199],"five":[70],"dimensions,":[71],"namely":[72],"(1)":[73],"learning":[74],"ability":[75],",":[76,80,85,91],"(2)":[77],"human":[78],"likeness":[79],"(3)":[81],"state":[82],"\u201cmind\u201d":[84],"(4)":[86],"complexity":[87],"(5)":[93],"successfulness":[94],".":[95],"Further,":[96],"results":[98],"support":[99],"view":[101],"there":[103],"is":[104,195],"no":[105],"consensus":[106],"neither":[107],"on":[108,119],"which":[109,165],"these":[111,121],"crucial":[114],"nor":[118],"how":[120],"must":[123,184],"fulfilled.":[125],"By":[126],"opposing":[127],"frequencies":[129],"dimensions":[132],"with":[134],"metadata":[136],"collected,":[137],"it":[138,183],"seen":[141,198],"most":[143],"these,":[145],"e.g.,":[146],"country,":[147],"scientific":[148],"field,":[149],"or":[150],"gender":[151],"author,":[154],"statistically":[156],"independent":[157],"variables,":[160],"while":[161],"medium":[163],"definition":[167,192],"published":[169],"shows":[170],"strong":[172],"correlation.":[173],"Since":[174],"different":[175,178,181],"mediums":[176],"target":[177],"purposes":[179],"readers,":[182],"taken":[186],"into":[187],"account":[188],"writing":[190],"context":[201],"its":[203,207],"distribution":[204],"area":[205],"goal.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}