{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221090843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","title":"Autonomous weapon systems and jus ad bellum","display_name":"Autonomous weapon systems and jus ad bellum","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221090843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052176262","display_name":"Alexander Blanchard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-3037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Blanchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032735","display_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariarosaria Taddeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052176262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":132.8719,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99919834,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"705","last_page":"711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","score":0.8503099083900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jus-ad-bellum","display_name":"Jus ad bellum","score":0.6923412084579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-war-theory","display_name":"Just war theory","score":0.6216862201690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.6040971875190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obligation","display_name":"Obligation","score":0.5981851816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-obligation","display_name":"Moral obligation","score":0.5925731062889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mistake","display_name":"Mistake","score":0.5871667861938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5330962538719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.4388183057308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4322410225868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3294220566749573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-civil-war","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","score":0.26357901096343994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.8503099083900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779980412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2568387","display_name":"Jus ad bellum","level":4,"score":0.6923412084579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167388122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847198","display_name":"Just war theory","level":3,"score":0.6216862201690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6040971875190735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.5981851816177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777107957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Moral obligation","level":2,"score":0.5925731062889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777179996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911222","display_name":"Mistake","level":2,"score":0.5871667861938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5330962538719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4388183057308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4322410225868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3294220566749573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.26357901096343994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01425-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5699328407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R-DST-TFS/D026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","funder_display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04jswqb94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221090843.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221090843.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W622650768","https://openalex.org/W1487883639","https://openalex.org/W1667078485","https://openalex.org/W1971758718","https://openalex.org/W2026987695","https://openalex.org/W2029590742","https://openalex.org/W2031035357","https://openalex.org/W2035332370","https://openalex.org/W2047129527","https://openalex.org/W2065214919","https://openalex.org/W2093416795","https://openalex.org/W2097091547","https://openalex.org/W2279604795","https://openalex.org/W2479059673","https://openalex.org/W2487878920","https://openalex.org/W2498928916","https://openalex.org/W2521953874","https://openalex.org/W2691416318","https://openalex.org/W2891477767","https://openalex.org/W2904417290","https://openalex.org/W2952317276","https://openalex.org/W2969375029","https://openalex.org/W3038255553","https://openalex.org/W3080362542","https://openalex.org/W3196327164","https://openalex.org/W3204971779","https://openalex.org/W3210465339","https://openalex.org/W4232036072","https://openalex.org/W4233104436","https://openalex.org/W4235757492","https://openalex.org/W4239608515","https://openalex.org/W4252382080","https://openalex.org/W4285300274","https://openalex.org/W4380741360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103348060","https://openalex.org/W3125903643","https://openalex.org/W2073340768","https://openalex.org/W3108204007","https://openalex.org/W2729889639","https://openalex.org/W2478024067","https://openalex.org/W2163102160","https://openalex.org/W3125291168","https://openalex.org/W1807110672","https://openalex.org/W2105650505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"article,":[3],"we":[4],"focus":[5],"on":[6,12,19,30,43,140],"the":[7,20,23,44,50,56,91,99,106,112,123,128,134,167,175,187,190,196,211],"scholarly":[8],"and":[9,17,37,117,181],"policy":[10],"debate":[11],"autonomous":[13],"weapon":[14,109],"systems":[15],"(AWS)":[16],"particularly":[18],"objections":[21,41,76],"to":[22,60,143,145,195,206],"use":[24,191,212],"of":[25,35,52,93,101,103,108,115,118,130,170,186,192,198,210,213],"these":[26,75,214],"weapons":[27],"which":[28],"rest":[29,42],"jus":[31],"ad":[32,95,162],"bellum":[33,96,163],"principles":[34,164,172],"proportionality":[36,102],"last":[38,131],"resort.":[39],"Both":[40],"idea":[45],"that":[46,73,136,152,161,182,189],"AWS":[47,137,153,193],"may":[48,138],"increase":[49],"incidence":[51],"war":[53,61,116,199],"by":[54,64,127,179],"reducing":[55],"costs":[57],"for":[58,173],"going":[59],"(proportionality)":[62],"or":[63,156],"providing":[65],"a":[66,202],"propagandistic":[67],"value":[68],"(last":[69],"resort).":[70],"We":[71],"argue":[72],"whilst":[74],"offer":[77],"pressing":[78],"concerns":[79],"in":[80],"their":[81],"own":[82],"right,":[83],"they":[84,89],"suffer":[85],"from":[86],"important":[87],"limitations:":[88],"overlook":[90],"difficulties":[92],"calculating":[94],"proportionality;":[97],"confuse":[98],"concept":[100],"effects":[104],"with":[105,133],"precision":[107],"systems;":[110],"disregard":[111],"ever-changing":[113],"nature":[114,197],"its":[119],"ethical":[120,171,176,208],"implications;":[121],"mistake":[122],"moral":[124],"obligation":[125],"imposed":[126],"principle":[129],"resort":[132,144],"impact":[135],"have":[139],"political":[141],"decision":[142],"war.":[146],"Our":[147],"analysis":[148,209],"does":[149],"not":[150,166],"entail":[151],"are":[154,165],"acceptable":[155],"justifiable,":[157],"but":[158],"it":[159],"shows":[160],"best":[168],"set":[169],"tackling":[174],"problems":[177],"raised":[178],"AWS;":[180],"developing":[183],"adequate":[184],"understanding":[185],"transformations":[188],"poses":[194],"itself":[200],"is":[201],"necessary,":[203],"preliminary":[204],"requirement":[205],"any":[207],"weapons.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
