{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221081267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","title":"\u201cI\u2019m afraid I can\u2019t let you do that, Doctor\u201d: meaningful disagreements with AI in medical contexts","display_name":"\u201cI\u2019m afraid I can\u2019t let you do that, Doctor\u201d: meaningful disagreements with AI in medical contexts","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221081267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042759246","display_name":"Hendrik Kempt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hendrik Kempt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061692486","display_name":"Jan\u2010Christoph Heilinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-9794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan-Christoph Heilinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005570116","display_name":"Saskia K. Nagel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9657-5121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saskia K. Nagel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042759246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.4611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83236818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":"1407","last_page":"1414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.7918668389320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.7883408069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.700383722782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.515791654586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.46896377205848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.455594539642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.44762110710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.43468907475471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3443366587162018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.33861151337623596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3347555100917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2746279239654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.15991941094398499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1014329195022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09062287211418152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.7918668389320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.7883408069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.700383722782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.515791654586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.46896377205848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.455594539642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.44762110710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43468907475471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3443366587162018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33861151337623596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3347555100917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2746279239654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15991941094398499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1014329195022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09062287211418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-022-01418-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G153945451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01GP1910A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2897399891","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2520DAT10G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321721","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321721","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","ror":"https://ror.org/05vp4ka74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324232","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221081267.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221081267.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976479981","https://openalex.org/W2480541440","https://openalex.org/W2590487146","https://openalex.org/W2605873810","https://openalex.org/W2738218048","https://openalex.org/W2799231482","https://openalex.org/W2895763047","https://openalex.org/W2898694742","https://openalex.org/W2901194671","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2947729485","https://openalex.org/W2977522001","https://openalex.org/W2984904339","https://openalex.org/W2991213201","https://openalex.org/W2991542819","https://openalex.org/W3004612364","https://openalex.org/W3014246070","https://openalex.org/W3047668950","https://openalex.org/W3086029573","https://openalex.org/W3118929067","https://openalex.org/W4237346123","https://openalex.org/W4238827160","https://openalex.org/W4302572511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086338133","https://openalex.org/W4367679314","https://openalex.org/W225526533","https://openalex.org/W2009234990","https://openalex.org/W2078361494","https://openalex.org/W4244083766","https://openalex.org/W2091016074","https://openalex.org/W2023583523","https://openalex.org/W2134615400","https://openalex.org/W26869551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"explores":[3],"the":[4,53,56,70,79,116,126,140,152],"role":[5],"and":[6,12,35,99,111,125,149],"resolution":[7],"of":[8,24,55,60,73,81,107,118,142,155],"disagreements":[9],"between":[10,109],"physicians":[11,110],"their":[13,46,112],"diagnostic":[14,30],"AI-based":[15,113],"decision":[16],"support":[17],"systems":[18,124],"(DSS).":[19],"With":[20],"an":[21,162],"ever-growing":[22],"number":[23],"applications":[25],"for":[26,91,135],"these":[27,93],"independently":[28],"operating":[29],"tools,":[31],"it":[32],"becomes":[33],"less":[34,36],"clear":[37],"what":[38],"a":[39,84,156],"physician":[40,157],"ought":[41],"to":[42,66,69,128,144],"do":[43],"in":[44,49,161],"case":[45],"diagnosis":[47],"is":[48],"faultless":[50],"conflict":[51],"with":[52],"results":[54],"DSS.":[57],"The":[58],"consequences":[59],"such":[61,74],"uncertainty":[62],"can":[63,158],"ultimately":[64],"lead":[65],"effects":[67],"detrimental":[68],"intended":[71],"purpose":[72],"machines,":[75],"e.g.":[76],"by":[77,115],"shifting":[78],"burden":[80],"proof":[82],"towards":[83],"physician.":[85],"Thus,":[86],"we":[87],"require":[88],"normative":[89,133],"clarity":[90],"integrating":[92],"machines":[94],"without":[95],"affecting":[96],"established,":[97],"trusted,":[98],"relied":[100],"upon":[101],"workflows.":[102],"In":[103],"reconstructing":[104],"different":[105],"causes":[106],"conflicts":[108],"tools\u2014inspired":[114],"approach":[117],"\u201cmeaningful":[119,136],"human":[120],"control\u201d":[121],"over":[122],"autonomous":[123],"challenges":[127],"resolve":[129],"them\u2014we":[130],"will":[131],"delineate":[132],"conditions":[134],"disagreements\u201d.":[137],"These":[138],"incorporate":[139],"potential":[141],"DSS":[143],"take":[145],"on":[146],"more":[147],"tasks":[148],"outline":[150],"how":[151],"moral":[153],"responsibility":[154],"be":[159],"preserved":[160],"increasingly":[163],"automated":[164],"clinical":[165],"work":[166],"environment.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}