{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205972454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","title":"A Code of Digital Ethics: laying the foundation for digital ethics in a science and technology company","display_name":"A Code of Digital Ethics: laying the foundation for digital ethics in a science and technology company","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205972454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041277570","display_name":"Sarah J. Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8228-2571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155976169","display_name":"Witten/Herdecke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yq55g44","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah J. Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Digital Transformation in Healthcare, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Digital Transformation in Healthcare, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109876129","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 T. Nemat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155976169","display_name":"Witten/Herdecke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yq55g44","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 T. Nemat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Digital Transformation in Healthcare, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Digital Transformation in Healthcare, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105930385","display_name":"Simon Lucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7467-0113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164928964","display_name":"Merck (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04b2dty93","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164928964"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck KGaA, Bioethics & Digital Ethics, Corporate Affairs, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck KGaA, Bioethics & Digital Ethics, Corporate Affairs, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164928964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005184323","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 M. Heinitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155976169","display_name":"Witten/Herdecke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yq55g44","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9 M. Heinitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Digital Transformation in Healthcare, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Digital Transformation in Healthcare, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068640051","display_name":"Manfred Klevesath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164928964","display_name":"Merck (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04b2dty93","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164928964"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manfred Klevesath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck KGaA, Bioethics & Digital Ethics, Corporate Affairs, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck KGaA, Bioethics & Digital Ethics, Corporate Affairs, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164928964"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044893711","display_name":"Jean Enno Charton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164928964","display_name":"Merck (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04b2dty93","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164928964"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Enno Charton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merck KGaA, Bioethics & Digital Ethics, Corporate Affairs, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merck KGaA, Bioethics & Digital Ethics, Corporate Affairs, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164928964"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041277570"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155976169"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":6.3942,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96720906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"2629","last_page":"2639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9466999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"Digital transformation","score":0.5851330757141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5318339467048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-code","display_name":"Ethical code","score":0.5083188414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporation","display_name":"Multinational corporation","score":0.49513450264930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4584382176399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.45620298385620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.44667738676071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.39970341324806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28197139501571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2685847580432892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17638224363327026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.5851330757141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5318339467048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128268270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264133","display_name":"Ethical code","level":2,"score":0.5083188414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.49513450264930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4584382176399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45620298385620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.44667738676071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.39970341324806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28197139501571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2685847580432892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17638224363327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI & SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205972454.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205972454.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W320587423","https://openalex.org/W582315782","https://openalex.org/W2066545696","https://openalex.org/W2554467860","https://openalex.org/W2557671501","https://openalex.org/W2888694297","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2925206926","https://openalex.org/W2944988415","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2954266614","https://openalex.org/W2982152932","https://openalex.org/W2985543011","https://openalex.org/W2999331643","https://openalex.org/W3003385079","https://openalex.org/W3025938360","https://openalex.org/W3084815908","https://openalex.org/W3092523763","https://openalex.org/W3143598665","https://openalex.org/W3175297548","https://openalex.org/W3178786669","https://openalex.org/W3211982349","https://openalex.org/W3212020324","https://openalex.org/W3212259563","https://openalex.org/W4234252414","https://openalex.org/W4245590854","https://openalex.org/W6604054835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085929198","https://openalex.org/W560905060","https://openalex.org/W2064004571","https://openalex.org/W2060556091","https://openalex.org/W2083831779","https://openalex.org/W2441746271","https://openalex.org/W593760947","https://openalex.org/W1992262246","https://openalex.org/W2159029525","https://openalex.org/W2005908568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,200],"rapid":[2],"and":[3,15,38,54,79,90,137,159,182,194,206,218,228,244],"dynamic":[4],"nature":[5],"of":[6,49,56,67,87,108,120,192,224],"digital":[7,18,88,122,225],"transformation":[8],"challenges":[9],"companies":[10,27],"that":[11,153,175],"wish":[12],"to":[13,29,33,132,156,213,238],"develop":[14],"deploy":[16],"novel":[17],"technologies.":[19],"Like":[20],"other":[21],"actors":[22],"faced":[23,82],"with":[24,83],"this":[25,102,114],"transformation,":[26],"need":[28],"find":[30],"robust":[31],"ways":[32],"ethically":[34],"guide":[35,214],"their":[36],"innovations":[37],"business":[39,73,166],"decisions.":[40],"Digital":[41,109,209],"ethics":[42,123],"has":[43,96],"recently":[44],"featured":[45],"in":[46,71],"a":[47,62,76,84,106,117,127,139,143,171],"plethora":[48],"both":[50],"practical":[51],"corporate":[52],"guidelines":[53,152],"compilations":[55],"high-level":[57],"principles,":[58],"but":[59],"there":[60],"remains":[61],"gap":[63,103],"concerning":[64],"the":[65,98,177,189,221,231],"development":[66],"sound":[68],"ethical":[69,92,215],"guidance":[70],"specific":[72],"contexts.":[74],"As":[75],"multinational":[77],"science":[78],"technology":[80],"company":[81,232],"broad":[85],"range":[86],"ventures":[89],"associated":[91],"challenges,":[93],"Merck":[94,204],"KGaA":[95,205],"laid":[97],"foundations":[99],"for":[100,113,162,164,241],"bridging":[101],"by":[104,149,230],"developing":[105],"Code":[107],"Ethics":[110,210],"(CoDE)":[111],"tailored":[112],"context.":[115],"Following":[116],"comprehensive":[118],"analysis":[119],"existing":[121],"guidelines,":[124],"we":[125],"used":[126],"reconstructive":[128],"social":[129],"research":[130],"approach":[131],"identify":[133],"20":[134],"relevant":[135],"principles":[136,185],"derive":[138],"code":[140],"designed":[141],"as":[142,186,188],"multi-purpose":[144],"tool.":[145],"Versatility":[146],"was":[147],"prioritised":[148],"defining":[150],"non-prescriptive":[151],"are":[154],"open":[155],"different":[157,190],"perspectives":[158],"thus":[160,245],"well-suited":[161],"operationalisation":[163],"varied":[165],"purposes.":[167],"We":[168],"also":[169,234],"chose":[170],"clear":[172],"nested":[173],"structure":[174],"highlights":[176],"relationships":[178],"between":[179],"five":[180],"core":[181],"fifteen":[183],"subsidiary":[184],"well":[187],"levels":[191],"reference\u2014data":[193],"algorithmic":[195],"systems\u2014to":[196],"which":[197],"they":[198],"apply.":[199],"CoDE":[201],"will":[202],"serve":[203],"its":[207],"new":[208],"Advisory":[211],"Panel":[212],"reflection,":[216],"evaluation":[217],"decision-making":[219],"across":[220],"full":[222],"spectrum":[223],"developments":[226],"encountered":[227],"undertaken":[229],"whilst":[233],"offering":[235],"an":[236],"opportunity":[237],"increase":[239],"transparency":[240],"external":[242],"partners,":[243],"trust.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}