{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102903035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","title":"Gaze behaviour, believability, likability and the iCat","display_name":"Gaze behaviour, believability, likability and the iCat","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102903035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","mag":"2102903035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046610258","display_name":"Mannes Poel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3813-9732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Poel","raw_affiliation_strings":["HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091409488","display_name":"Dirk Heylen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4288-3334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Heylen","raw_affiliation_strings":["HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091392919","display_name":"Anton Nijholt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-9290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Nijholt","raw_affiliation_strings":["HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054923691","display_name":"M. Meulemans","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Meulemans","raw_affiliation_strings":["HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, HMI Group, Department of Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075248581","display_name":"Albert J. J. M. van Breemen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4105-027X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122849","display_name":"Philips (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2bgp27","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. van Breemen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philips Research Labs, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Philips' Research Laboratories, Eindhoven The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Research Labs, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips' Research Laboratories, Eindhoven The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046610258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.6701,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89836752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"61","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8551216721534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.656663179397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.6174659729003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.605154812335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.5069156289100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflexivity","display_name":"Reflexivity","score":0.4382272958755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4328388571739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.42810916900634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.41968023777008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3961411714553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.37656158208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35439229011535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.22388774156570435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8551216721534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.656663179397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6174659729003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.605154812335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.5069156289100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13200473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2747831","display_name":"Reflexivity","level":2,"score":0.4382272958755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4328388571739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42810916900634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.41968023777008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3961411714553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.37656158208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35439229011535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.22388774156570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/ad9a4067-439f-4e3b-9e9f-02697d6bd5da","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/ad9a4067-439f-4e3b-9e9f-02697d6bd5da","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nijholt, A (ed.), Poel, M, Heylen, D K J, Stock, O (ed.), Nishida, T (ed.), Meulemans, M & van Bremen, A 2009, 'Gaze Behavior, Believability, Likability and the iCat', AI & society, vol. 24, no. 1, 10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1, pp. 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-009-0198-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; SOCIETY","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2102903035.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2102903035.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512876644","https://openalex.org/W1563178652","https://openalex.org/W1600099874","https://openalex.org/W1981791759","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W2022995199","https://openalex.org/W2058456422","https://openalex.org/W2067524658","https://openalex.org/W2077324971","https://openalex.org/W2079332441","https://openalex.org/W2084966403","https://openalex.org/W2086105103","https://openalex.org/W2101671683","https://openalex.org/W2107367767","https://openalex.org/W2142341984","https://openalex.org/W2163957099","https://openalex.org/W2184964491","https://openalex.org/W2470131237"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984342691","https://openalex.org/W2470048815","https://openalex.org/W2324884046","https://openalex.org/W641612223","https://openalex.org/W2906771794","https://openalex.org/W2028203774","https://openalex.org/W4388576605","https://openalex.org/W2062302545","https://openalex.org/W2167251627","https://openalex.org/W2579262885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"iCat":[1,36,96,138],"is":[2],"a":[3,11,90],"user-interface":[4],"robot":[5,97],"with":[6],"the":[7,30,35,42,95,103,133,137],"ability":[8],"to":[9,24,143],"express":[10],"range":[12],"of":[13,34,44,74,102,106,136],"emotions":[14],"through":[15,41],"its":[16,38],"facial":[17],"features.":[18],"This":[19],"article":[20],"summarizes":[21],"our":[22],"research":[23],"see":[25],"whether":[26],"we":[27],"can":[28,140],"increase":[29],"believability":[31],"and":[32,63,76,88,108,122,139,154],"likability":[33],"for":[37,82,94,157],"human":[39],"partners":[40],"application":[43],"gaze":[45,91,123],"behaviour.":[46],"Gaze":[47],"behaviour":[48,92],"serves":[49],"several":[50,72],"functions":[51],"during":[52],"social":[53],"interaction":[54,146],"such":[55],"as":[56],"mediating":[57],"conversation":[58],"flow,":[59],"communicating":[60],"emotional":[61],"information":[62],"avoiding":[64],"distraction":[65],"by":[66],"restricting":[67],"visual":[68],"input.":[69],"There":[70],"are":[71,80,130],"types":[73,105],"eye":[75,107],"head":[77,109],"movements":[78,110,121],"that":[79,98],"necessary":[81],"realizing":[83],"these":[84,128],"functions.":[85],"We":[86,125,148],"designed":[87],"evaluated":[89],"system":[93],"implements":[99],"realistic":[100],"models":[101,129],"major":[104],"found":[111],"in":[112],"living":[113],"beings:":[114],"vergence,":[115],"vestibulo":[116],"ocular":[117],"reflexive,":[118],"smooth":[119],"pursuit":[120],"shifts.":[124],"discuss":[126],"how":[127],"integrated":[131],"into":[132],"software":[134],"environment":[135],"be":[141],"used":[142],"create":[144],"complex":[145],"scenarios.":[147,160],"report":[149],"about":[150],"some":[151],"user":[152],"tests":[153],"draw":[155],"conclusions":[156],"future":[158],"evaluation":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
