{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1506842845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0095129","title":"Learning English grapheme segmentation using the iterated version space algorithm","display_name":"Learning English grapheme segmentation using the iterated version space algorithm","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1506842845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0095129","mag":"1506842845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bfb0095129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0095129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040907158","display_name":"Jianna Jian Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianna Jian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","(University of Waterloo)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of Waterloo)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072651122","display_name":"Howard J. Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-0980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard J. Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, Saksatchewn, Canada","University of Regina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, Saksatchewn, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Regina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2785,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47604745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"420","last_page":"429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-function","display_name":"Iterated function","score":0.7928836345672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme","display_name":"Grapheme","score":0.7679311037063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7579020261764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6304244995117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5558128952980042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5522213578224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.5379363298416138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.500734806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4985527992248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4412565529346466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35529983043670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32091832160949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14448314905166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08266520500183105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.7928836345672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2545446","display_name":"Grapheme","level":3,"score":0.7679311037063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7579020261764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6304244995117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5558128952980042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5522213578224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.5379363298416138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.500734806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4985527992248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4412565529346466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35529983043670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32091832160949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14448314905166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08266520500183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bfb0095129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0095129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.105.7616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.7616","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cs.wwu.edu/~zhangj/home/papers/zhcISMIS99.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W368257276","https://openalex.org/W628504739","https://openalex.org/W1561046305","https://openalex.org/W1981399116","https://openalex.org/W3203893010","https://openalex.org/W6619954706","https://openalex.org/W6802781763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205140848","https://openalex.org/W2068663075","https://openalex.org/W2978678743","https://openalex.org/W2797837731","https://openalex.org/W2506515307","https://openalex.org/W4393677513","https://openalex.org/W2060656088","https://openalex.org/W4390832911","https://openalex.org/W829257147","https://openalex.org/W4376127261"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
