{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1542954600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014988","title":"A type discipline for program modules","display_name":"A type discipline for program modules","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1542954600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014988","mag":"1542954600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bfb0014988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014988","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBFb0014988.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBFb0014988.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028720578","display_name":"Robert Harper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9400-2941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Harper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114258078","display_name":"Robin Milner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Milner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061655403","display_name":"Mads Tofte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mads Tofte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028720578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52233456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"308","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functor","display_name":"Functor","score":0.7910900115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7364448308944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.625327467918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.6095086932182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.509648323059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.48886531591415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/declaration","display_name":"Declaration","score":0.46132153272628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-type","display_name":"Data type","score":0.4579204320907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.43803030252456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragment","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","score":0.43758338689804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallels","display_name":"Parallels","score":0.4242219030857086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4113563299179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3845297396183014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.33738791942596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.2855414152145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.261435329914093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16857177019119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09655311703681946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156772000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864475","display_name":"Functor","level":2,"score":0.7910900115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7364448308944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.625327467918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6095086932182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.509648323059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.48886531591415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138147947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183659","display_name":"Declaration","level":2,"score":0.46132153272628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.4579204320907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43803030252456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18392052","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","level":2,"score":0.43758338689804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.4242219030857086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4113563299179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3845297396183014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.33738791942596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2855414152145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.261435329914093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16857177019119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09655311703681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bfb0014988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014988","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBFb0014988.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/45a03b30-74d0-11db-bee9-02004c4f4f50","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/45a03b30-74d0-11db-bee9-02004c4f4f50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Harper , R , Milner , R & Tofte , M 1987 , A Type Discipline for Program Modules . in Proc. Internat. Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development (Tapsoft), Pisa, Italy, March 1987. (Lecture Notes in Computerscience) . Springer , Berlin , pp. 12 .","raw_type":"bookPart"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bfb0014988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014988","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBFb0014988.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1542954600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1542954600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003298503","https://openalex.org/W2099305192","https://openalex.org/W2163976959","https://openalex.org/W2166822586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213129642","https://openalex.org/W1688372159","https://openalex.org/W2523205872","https://openalex.org/W1552423701","https://openalex.org/W1527192480","https://openalex.org/W4380790113","https://openalex.org/W1480125535","https://openalex.org/W2380704746","https://openalex.org/W3131265037","https://openalex.org/W2090924182"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
