{"id":"https://openalex.org/W239966521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02940843","title":"The automatic assessment of formal specification coursework","display_name":"The automatic assessment of formal specification coursework","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W239966521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02940843","mag":"239966521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf02940843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02940843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027418901","display_name":"Zarina Shukur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-5354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zarina Shukur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, University Park, Nottingham, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, University Park, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004567468","display_name":"Edmund Burke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-4762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edmund Burke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, University Park, Nottingham, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, University Park, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079651566","display_name":"Eric Foxley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Foxley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, University Park, Nottingham, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, University Park, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004567468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05958976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"86","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.7977952361106873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7600079774856567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-language","display_name":"Specification language","score":0.7328490018844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-requirements-specification","display_name":"System requirements specification","score":0.6294734477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-of-temporal-ordering-specification","display_name":"Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification","score":0.6174211502075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6113668084144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6026093363761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language-specification","display_name":"Programming language specification","score":0.5209018588066101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-requirements-specification","display_name":"Software requirements specification","score":0.5192470550537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.45804470777511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.4468819797039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4428795576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification","display_name":"Specification","score":0.41532906889915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.1692468225955963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.13299953937530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.09453630447387695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.7977952361106873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7600079774856567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.7328490018844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84651959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17052506","display_name":"System requirements specification","level":2,"score":0.6294734477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90069079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805432","display_name":"Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification","level":3,"score":0.6174211502075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6113668084144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6026093363761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15077461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248507","display_name":"Programming language specification","level":5,"score":0.5209018588066101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102780508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761598","display_name":"Software requirements specification","level":5,"score":0.5192470550537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.45804470777511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.4468819797039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4428795576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117222624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575010","display_name":"Specification","level":2,"score":0.41532906889915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.1692468225955963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.13299953937530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.09453630447387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119263510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248501","display_name":"Programming domain","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf02940843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02940843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134005567","https://openalex.org/W614199736","https://openalex.org/W1487831734","https://openalex.org/W1505648523","https://openalex.org/W1517084470","https://openalex.org/W1559526797","https://openalex.org/W1563862609","https://openalex.org/W1592027468","https://openalex.org/W1960390258","https://openalex.org/W1968983795","https://openalex.org/W1970658603","https://openalex.org/W1973423365","https://openalex.org/W2018874872","https://openalex.org/W2035403431","https://openalex.org/W2035781078","https://openalex.org/W2060680338","https://openalex.org/W2073742092","https://openalex.org/W2082922085","https://openalex.org/W2083976019","https://openalex.org/W2091607208","https://openalex.org/W2096536569","https://openalex.org/W2098057628","https://openalex.org/W2099008194","https://openalex.org/W2119895020","https://openalex.org/W2121514094","https://openalex.org/W2138782822","https://openalex.org/W2146296080","https://openalex.org/W2148452327","https://openalex.org/W2295902379","https://openalex.org/W2524158937","https://openalex.org/W2607631107","https://openalex.org/W2768526054","https://openalex.org/W4232431387","https://openalex.org/W4248891174","https://openalex.org/W6619088319","https://openalex.org/W6629169142","https://openalex.org/W6630328912","https://openalex.org/W6630791311","https://openalex.org/W6633874497","https://openalex.org/W6642613790","https://openalex.org/W6681126893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2313419847","https://openalex.org/W2117824779","https://openalex.org/W4388319857","https://openalex.org/W2077164759","https://openalex.org/W3048422056","https://openalex.org/W2136463869","https://openalex.org/W2398741539","https://openalex.org/W1547699668","https://openalex.org/W2211523418","https://openalex.org/W1561855126"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}