{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027831214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02472779","title":"Programming by example: The human face of AI","display_name":"Programming by example: The human face of AI","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027831214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02472779","mag":"2027831214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf02472779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02472779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045934263","display_name":"Ian H. Witten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-8988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian H. Witten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065146109","display_name":"Bruce A. MacDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7602-8497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. MacDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081849455","display_name":"David Maulsby","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David L. Maulsby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037563540","display_name":"Rosanna Heise","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosanna Heise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045934263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74686898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"166","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.800599992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.800599992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.7656000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7696635723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7282660007476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6658681631088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-by-demonstration","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","score":0.4944586753845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.4942066967487335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43568745255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4233795702457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.37965574860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09663966298103333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7696635723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7282660007476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6658681631088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779038628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248497","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","level":3,"score":0.4944586753845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.4942066967487335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43568745255470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4233795702457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.37965574860572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09663966298103333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf02472779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02472779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190517","display_name":"AI & Society","issn_l":"0951-5666","issn":["0951-5666","1435-5655"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI &amp; Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321005","display_name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","ror":"https://ror.org/037n8p820"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751752","https://openalex.org/W81302692","https://openalex.org/W90063027","https://openalex.org/W190046928","https://openalex.org/W1488252886","https://openalex.org/W1501191323","https://openalex.org/W1564397683","https://openalex.org/W1968075289","https://openalex.org/W2063916561","https://openalex.org/W4251454430","https://openalex.org/W4252399310","https://openalex.org/W6603658642","https://openalex.org/W6629403180","https://openalex.org/W6629882623"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593456883","https://openalex.org/W4376458480","https://openalex.org/W2369400006","https://openalex.org/W2380816171","https://openalex.org/W3143433749","https://openalex.org/W2107482851","https://openalex.org/W2048412262","https://openalex.org/W2110944602","https://openalex.org/W3213722473","https://openalex.org/W2052750075"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
