{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069355054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02215800","title":"Measuring the naturalness of synthetic speech","display_name":"Measuring the naturalness of synthetic speech","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069355054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02215800","mag":"2069355054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf02215800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02215800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4650632","display_name":"International Journal of Speech Technology","issn_l":"1381-2416","issn":["1381-2416","1572-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Speech Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018667895","display_name":"Howard C. Nusbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-7297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48168531","display_name":"South University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rjfjt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48168531"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howard C. Nusbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL","Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, Chicago,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I48168531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, Chicago,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065897530","display_name":"Alexander L. Francis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-8788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48168531","display_name":"South University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rjfjt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48168531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander L. Francis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL","Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, Chicago,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I48168531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, Chicago,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018146895","display_name":"Anne S. Henly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48168531","display_name":"South University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rjfjt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48168531"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne S. Henly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL","Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, Chicago,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, 60637, Chicago, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I48168531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Psychology, Committee on Cognition and Communication, The University of Chicago, Chicago,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018667895"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I48168531"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90515723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"7","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalness","display_name":"Naturalness","score":0.989142656326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligibility","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","score":0.8081387877464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.794306755065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-synthesis","display_name":"Speech synthesis","score":0.6249882578849792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5667530298233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utterance","display_name":"Utterance","score":0.54399573802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06587901711463928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134537474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17144832","display_name":"Naturalness","level":2,"score":0.989142656326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433889","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.8081387877464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.794306755065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14999030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16346","display_name":"Speech synthesis","level":2,"score":0.6249882578849792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5667530298233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.54399573802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06587901711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf02215800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02215800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4650632","display_name":"International Journal of Speech Technology","issn_l":"1381-2416","issn":["1381-2416","1572-8110"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Speech Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5775718","https://openalex.org/W10169861","https://openalex.org/W599692643","https://openalex.org/W1483501585","https://openalex.org/W1521476198","https://openalex.org/W1566883001","https://openalex.org/W1599642140","https://openalex.org/W1891338529","https://openalex.org/W1959271118","https://openalex.org/W1978811157","https://openalex.org/W1982624800","https://openalex.org/W1984317582","https://openalex.org/W1993533823","https://openalex.org/W2000635945","https://openalex.org/W2009738850","https://openalex.org/W2010557432","https://openalex.org/W2020789959","https://openalex.org/W2022194925","https://openalex.org/W2045981719","https://openalex.org/W2046134482","https://openalex.org/W2047829887","https://openalex.org/W2054246464","https://openalex.org/W2054910186","https://openalex.org/W2070915875","https://openalex.org/W2090085464","https://openalex.org/W2103764823","https://openalex.org/W2128256551","https://openalex.org/W2157646368","https://openalex.org/W2235112251","https://openalex.org/W2983517015","https://openalex.org/W2985376554","https://openalex.org/W2988842707","https://openalex.org/W4206906090","https://openalex.org/W4244663558","https://openalex.org/W4297083642","https://openalex.org/W4301735423","https://openalex.org/W6600220800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079655441","https://openalex.org/W2912293245","https://openalex.org/W4252942110","https://openalex.org/W1604114751","https://openalex.org/W2032941915","https://openalex.org/W2075706796","https://openalex.org/W2549308614","https://openalex.org/W2023694213","https://openalex.org/W4377694462","https://openalex.org/W2958354987"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}