{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2066303290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01679684","title":"Generalization of the Lambertian model and implications for machine vision","display_name":"Generalization of the Lambertian model and implications for machine vision","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2066303290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01679684","mag":"2066303290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01679684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01679684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047247812","display_name":"Michael B. Oren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Oren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 10027, New York, N.Y","Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 10027, New York, N.Y","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051975921","display_name":"Shree K. Nayar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shree K. Nayar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 10027, New York, N.Y","Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, 10027, New York, N.Y","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":464,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99309912,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"227","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photometric-stereo","display_name":"Photometric stereo","score":0.9296369552612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6695302724838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6638702750205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.6499980688095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.6349501609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffuse-reflection","display_name":"Diffuse reflection","score":0.5898591876029968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5618109703063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.5353531837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.5321661233901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.5014369487762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.48850953578948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specularity","display_name":"Specularity","score":0.46275731921195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specular-reflection","display_name":"Specular reflection","score":0.4330669045448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal","display_name":"Normal","score":0.43178072571754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.37064796686172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3275395631790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3230844736099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.3157384395599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.22404515743255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17936047911643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15261617302894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.12737908959388733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44365914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120636","display_name":"Photometric stereo","level":3,"score":0.9296369552612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6695302724838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6638702750205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.6499980688095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.6349501609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82261727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154504","display_name":"Diffuse reflection","level":2,"score":0.5898591876029968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5618109703063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5353531837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5321661233901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5014369487762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.48850953578948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779456664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q972162","display_name":"Specularity","level":3,"score":0.46275731921195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.4330669045448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273176","display_name":"Normal","level":3,"score":0.43178072571754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37064796686172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3275395631790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3230844736099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.3157384395599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.22404515743255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17936047911643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15261617302894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12737908959388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01679684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01679684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25538012","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","issn_l":"0920-5691","issn":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.34.1110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.34.1110","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~library/TR-repository/reports/reports-1992/cucs-057-92.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.38.1932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.1932","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/pub/CAVE/papers/oren/oren-nayar-model_ijcv-95.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.47.1905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.47.1905","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/pub/CAVE/papers/oren/oren-nayar_diffuse_reflectance.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557590941","https://openalex.org/W1589761358","https://openalex.org/W1975089519","https://openalex.org/W1977079104","https://openalex.org/W1982772569","https://openalex.org/W1987152928","https://openalex.org/W2016367122","https://openalex.org/W2024747153","https://openalex.org/W2032624242","https://openalex.org/W2044098891","https://openalex.org/W2045932639","https://openalex.org/W2059785978","https://openalex.org/W2068799738","https://openalex.org/W2078339496","https://openalex.org/W2082603466","https://openalex.org/W2096607474","https://openalex.org/W2104917647","https://openalex.org/W2106687120","https://openalex.org/W2111920077","https://openalex.org/W2129074579","https://openalex.org/W2137912491","https://openalex.org/W2140682432","https://openalex.org/W2149089336","https://openalex.org/W2153160066","https://openalex.org/W2160203169","https://openalex.org/W2161446118","https://openalex.org/W2170120409","https://openalex.org/W2296061910","https://openalex.org/W2770103060","https://openalex.org/W2911709767","https://openalex.org/W3000647221","https://openalex.org/W3005373069","https://openalex.org/W3133668973","https://openalex.org/W3135227555","https://openalex.org/W4251783141","https://openalex.org/W4253962116","https://openalex.org/W6654499869","https://openalex.org/W6771992403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2253648838","https://openalex.org/W1484252354","https://openalex.org/W2023308736","https://openalex.org/W2071211896","https://openalex.org/W2158373453","https://openalex.org/W3094211036","https://openalex.org/W2397569586","https://openalex.org/W2738387931","https://openalex.org/W2033176506","https://openalex.org/W4328029570"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}