{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018756466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01582232","title":"Affirmative action algorithms","display_name":"Affirmative action algorithms","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018756466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01582232","mag":"2018756466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01582232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01582232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193920097","display_name":"Mathematical Programming","issn_l":"0025-5610","issn":["0025-5610","1436-4646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044801429","display_name":"Yahya Fathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4592-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Fathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA","Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079365209","display_name":"Craig A. Tovey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1274-909X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Tovey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA","Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24246877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"292","last_page":"301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6409690380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6168875694274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5234068036079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-complementarity-problem","display_name":"Linear complementarity problem","score":0.5026659965515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4945954978466034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4748922884464264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-analysis","display_name":"Numerical analysis","score":0.46961790323257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complementarity","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","score":0.4660801589488983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.42040228843688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4111173450946808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3327314257621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3247496485710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16353154182434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.11683189868927002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6409690380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6168875694274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5234068036079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34320192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783105","display_name":"Linear complementarity problem","level":3,"score":0.5026659965515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4945954978466034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4748922884464264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.46961790323257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.4660801589488983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.42040228843688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4111173450946808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3327314257621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3247496485710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16353154182434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.11683189868927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01582232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01582232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193920097","display_name":"Mathematical Programming","issn_l":"0025-5610","issn":["0025-5610","1436-4646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171323660","https://openalex.org/W596071953","https://openalex.org/W1532372175","https://openalex.org/W1571051474","https://openalex.org/W1862519416","https://openalex.org/W1921345139","https://openalex.org/W1956277787","https://openalex.org/W1964119857","https://openalex.org/W1968013905","https://openalex.org/W1973735752","https://openalex.org/W1988237808","https://openalex.org/W1997984350","https://openalex.org/W2018732369","https://openalex.org/W2044618353","https://openalex.org/W2049084163","https://openalex.org/W2053913299","https://openalex.org/W2069323107","https://openalex.org/W2073264848","https://openalex.org/W2082824470","https://openalex.org/W2083590362","https://openalex.org/W2125690626","https://openalex.org/W2127470768","https://openalex.org/W2149342630","https://openalex.org/W4301216918","https://openalex.org/W6634175102","https://openalex.org/W6640860430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2276648117","https://openalex.org/W819098253","https://openalex.org/W1548220668","https://openalex.org/W15122084","https://openalex.org/W2765841216","https://openalex.org/W2607337407","https://openalex.org/W1566966152","https://openalex.org/W169948756","https://openalex.org/W2078891263","https://openalex.org/W621787436"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}