{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035814931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211606","title":"A formal model of explanation","display_name":"A formal model of explanation","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035814931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211606","mag":"2035814931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01211606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211606","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211606","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113541849","display_name":"Bryan S. Todd","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802123492","display_name":"Oxford Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00z4w4f29","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bryan S. Todd","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Programming Research Group, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Programming Research Group, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065210579","display_name":"R. Stamper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4222-2422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802123492","display_name":"Oxford Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00z4w4f29","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Stamper","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Programming Research Group, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Programming Research Group, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113541849"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13427817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"207","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9434999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8597316741943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7661646604537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.7407393455505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5946940183639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.5367985963821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.5280673503875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48978185653686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4854874908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory","display_name":"Theory","score":0.48434364795684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.4819740653038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.440510630607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3455265760421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.19316402077674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16404590010643005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8597316741943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7661646604537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.7407393455505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5946940183639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.5367985963821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.5280673503875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48978185653686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4854874908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144701195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859910","display_name":"Theory","level":2,"score":0.48434364795684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.4819740653038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.440510630607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3455265760421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.19316402077674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16404590010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01211606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211606","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01211606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211606","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2035814931.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2035814931.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170970583","https://openalex.org/W321460564","https://openalex.org/W1578016635","https://openalex.org/W1969874171","https://openalex.org/W1990748933","https://openalex.org/W2040667141","https://openalex.org/W2048643630","https://openalex.org/W2053399824","https://openalex.org/W2060482235","https://openalex.org/W2068294433","https://openalex.org/W2079100340","https://openalex.org/W2089208009","https://openalex.org/W2091458511","https://openalex.org/W2107460921","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2154152299","https://openalex.org/W2171864253","https://openalex.org/W2180885055","https://openalex.org/W2337530228","https://openalex.org/W2407438990","https://openalex.org/W2795831070","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033140592","https://openalex.org/W2145025660","https://openalex.org/W2171674700","https://openalex.org/W2049993111","https://openalex.org/W1922520186","https://openalex.org/W1903167137","https://openalex.org/W1950421680","https://openalex.org/W2034589735","https://openalex.org/W1999356246","https://openalex.org/W2045204345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1,85],"information":[2,42,49],"systems":[3],"become":[4],"more":[5],"complex,":[6],"formal":[7],"methods":[8],"offer":[9],"a":[10,54,64,69,93],"solution":[11],"to":[12,31,40,76,97],"the":[13,26,33,72,80,88],"increasing":[14],"problem":[15],"of":[16,19,28,35,59,71],"ensuring":[17],"correctness":[18],"design":[20],"and":[21],"implementation.":[22],"This":[23,37],"paper":[24],"illustrates":[25],"use":[27],"mathematical":[29],"specification":[30,89],"formalise":[32],"notion":[34],"\u2018explanation\u2019.":[36],"is":[38,51,66,83,90],"relevant":[39],"any":[41],"system":[43,50],"which":[44],"engages":[45],"in":[46],"inference.":[47],"An":[48,61],"regarded":[52,67],"as":[53,68],"homogeneous":[55],"function":[56],"on":[57],"states":[58],"information.":[60],"explanation":[62],"for":[63,92],"conclusion":[65,82],"weakening":[70],"theory":[73],"relating":[74],"input":[75],"output,":[77],"such":[78],"that":[79],"same":[81],"reached.":[84],"an":[86],"example,":[87],"implemented":[91],"simple":[94],"statistical":[95],"classifier":[96],"assist":[98],"medical":[99],"diagnosis.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
