{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157294835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211603","title":"Unification: A case-study in data refinement","display_name":"Unification: A case-study in data refinement","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157294835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211603","mag":"2157294835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01211603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211603","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211603","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211603","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078884036","display_name":"Justin M Spivey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802123492","display_name":"Oxford Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00z4w4f29","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Spivey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Programming Research Group, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programming Research Group, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078884036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802123492","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18537132,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"150","last_page":"168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.8443546295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7857720851898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.7728602886199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7370548248291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.5981141328811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refinement-calculus","display_name":"Refinement calculus","score":0.547336220741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5364903211593628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5152507424354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.4978611469268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-data-type","display_name":"Abstract data type","score":0.4696083962917328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4688956141471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-type","display_name":"Data type","score":0.4217129945755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4206407368183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composition","display_name":"Composition (language)","score":0.41680338978767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22010838985443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.07719865441322327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.8443546295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7857720851898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.7728602886199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7370548248291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.5981141328811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90483712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307205","display_name":"Refinement calculus","level":2,"score":0.547336220741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5364903211593628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5152507424354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.4978611469268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175971053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827335","display_name":"Abstract data type","level":2,"score":0.4696083962917328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4688956141471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.4217129945755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4206407368183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.41680338978767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22010838985443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.07719865441322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01211603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211603","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211603","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf01211603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01211603","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1007/BF01211603","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128250343","display_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","issn_l":"0934-5043","issn":["0934-5043","1433-299X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Formal Aspects of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157294835.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157294835.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492575033","https://openalex.org/W1504686286","https://openalex.org/W1598625331","https://openalex.org/W1970495662","https://openalex.org/W2019994514","https://openalex.org/W2042133273","https://openalex.org/W2100738443","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2147543351","https://openalex.org/W2925875850","https://openalex.org/W4210732998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213129642","https://openalex.org/W1688372159","https://openalex.org/W2523205872","https://openalex.org/W1606440310","https://openalex.org/W1552423701","https://openalex.org/W1480125535","https://openalex.org/W1569125207","https://openalex.org/W2028074529","https://openalex.org/W3131265037","https://openalex.org/W2082724648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2,49,63,97,114],"paper,":[3],"the":[4,35,44,58,78,102,127,147],"Z":[5,142],"notation":[6],"is":[7,32,60,73,99,116],"used":[8,74,124],"to":[9,42,75,117,125,135,146],"develop":[10],"a":[11,20,89,131,137],"small":[12],"theory":[13],"of":[14,37,48,53,57,104,113,139],"terms":[15],"and":[16,27,46,134,143],"substitutions":[17,67,79],"within":[18],"which":[19],"simple":[21],"unification":[22],"algorithm":[23,59],"can":[24,80,122],"be":[25,81,123],"specified":[26],"proved":[28,61],"correct.":[29],"Particular":[30],"emphasis":[31],"placed":[33],"on":[34,66,109],"use":[36],"Z's":[38],"mathematical":[39],"data":[40,71,120],"types":[41],"simplify":[43],"development":[45],"structure":[47],"theory.":[50],"The":[51,93,111],"correctness":[52],"an":[54],"abstract":[55],"version":[56,64],"first;":[62],"operates":[65],"by":[68,83],"composition.":[69],"Then":[70],"refinement":[72,121],"show":[76,118],"that":[77,86],"represented":[82],"\u2018binding":[84],"functions\u2019":[85],"make":[87],"composition":[88],"particularly":[90],"efficient":[91],"operation.":[92],"approach":[94],"taken":[95],"in":[96],"paper":[98,115],"compared":[100],"with":[101],"approaches":[103,145],"three":[105],"previous":[106],"papers":[107],"based":[108],"VDM.":[110],"contribution":[112],"how":[119],"explain":[126],"design":[128],"decisions":[129],"behind":[130],"non-trivial":[132],"program,":[133],"provide":[136],"point":[138],"comparison":[140],"between":[141],"VDM":[144],"same":[148],"problem.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
