{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098564776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00993046","title":"What makes a problem hard for a genetic algorithm? Some anomalous results and their explanation","display_name":"What makes a problem hard for a genetic algorithm? Some anomalous results and their explanation","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098564776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00993046","mag":"2098564776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00993046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00993046","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00993046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00993046.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376382","display_name":"Stephanie Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 87181-1386, Albuquerque, NM","Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87181-1386. forrest@cs.unm.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 87181-1386, Albuquerque, NM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87181-1386. forrest@cs.unm.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086956524","display_name":"Melanie Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-3505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melanie Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Michigan, 48109-2110, Ann Arbor, MI","Artificial Intelligence Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110 [email\u00a0protected]#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Michigan, 48109-2110, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110 [email\u00a0protected]#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114376382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.3418,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":216,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9947839,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2-3","first_page":"285","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.6244185566902161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6031934022903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5127604603767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5011789798736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.45051756501197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4452134072780609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclass","display_name":"Subclass","score":0.4201371967792511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34166616201400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2071089744567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.0876513421535492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.6244185566902161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6031934022903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5127604603767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5011789798736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45051756501197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4452134072780609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3965271","display_name":"Subclass","level":3,"score":0.4201371967792511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34166616201400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2071089744567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0876513421535492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00993046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00993046","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00993046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.104.2835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.104.2835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46892/1/10994_2004_Article_BF00993046.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.49.9316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.49.9316","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.santafe.edu/pub/mm/Forrest-Mitchell-ML.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.56.7350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.7350","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.santafe.edu/~mm/Forrest-Mitchell-ML.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/46892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/46892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00993046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00993046","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00993046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4728391900","display_name":"PYI:  Computational Systems Based Upon Aspects of the Immune System","funder_award_id":"9157644","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312777","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338304","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2098564776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2098564776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44804025","https://openalex.org/W64702643","https://openalex.org/W115836650","https://openalex.org/W139356917","https://openalex.org/W141541527","https://openalex.org/W162989097","https://openalex.org/W174334027","https://openalex.org/W192142699","https://openalex.org/W648350766","https://openalex.org/W1485961250","https://openalex.org/W1492417045","https://openalex.org/W1496027058","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1499561572","https://openalex.org/W1511493290","https://openalex.org/W1513108299","https://openalex.org/W1541288193","https://openalex.org/W1542723682","https://openalex.org/W1561348124","https://openalex.org/W1581066146","https://openalex.org/W1592894394","https://openalex.org/W1601249642","https://openalex.org/W1606791384","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1967093065","https://openalex.org/W1979700756","https://openalex.org/W1998580547","https://openalex.org/W2019650765","https://openalex.org/W2055324442","https://openalex.org/W2081317656","https://openalex.org/W2096590200","https://openalex.org/W2107951961","https://openalex.org/W2151676833","https://openalex.org/W2152150600","https://openalex.org/W2166843422","https://openalex.org/W2235175863","https://openalex.org/W2301459920","https://openalex.org/W2333786694","https://openalex.org/W2476364243","https://openalex.org/W2726121458","https://openalex.org/W2727615770","https://openalex.org/W2912127016","https://openalex.org/W2913091258","https://openalex.org/W2914554951","https://openalex.org/W2997219941","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4206406014","https://openalex.org/W4248135271","https://openalex.org/W4301499553","https://openalex.org/W4387688680","https://openalex.org/W6628974897","https://openalex.org/W6629610141","https://openalex.org/W6633718716","https://openalex.org/W6682187769","https://openalex.org/W6684276203"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135151721","https://openalex.org/W316900803","https://openalex.org/W2025265121","https://openalex.org/W2037210200","https://openalex.org/W1511067427","https://openalex.org/W1549155385","https://openalex.org/W1989643483","https://openalex.org/W2060980616","https://openalex.org/W2009011029","https://openalex.org/W2047372704"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
