{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048360155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00851349","title":"An historical overview of natural language processing systems that learn","display_name":"An historical overview of natural language processing systems that learn","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048360155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00851349","mag":"2048360155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00851349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00851349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065947671","display_name":"Robin Collier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robin Collier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Regent Court, University of Sheffield, 211 Portobello Street, Sheffield, England","Department of Computer Science, Regent Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Regent Court, University of Sheffield, 211 Portobello Street, Sheffield, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Regent Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065947671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74946906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8596588373184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.6832178235054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6027936339378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5870891213417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.581336259841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5522668957710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5407796502113342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-programming","display_name":"Natural language programming","score":0.4998164176940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.4684315621852875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4100586771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.4037020802497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.22176125645637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension-approach","display_name":"Comprehension approach","score":0.19064146280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.18490704894065857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8596588373184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.6832178235054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6027936339378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5870891213417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.581336259841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5522668957710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5407796502113342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67463725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081452","display_name":"Natural language programming","level":5,"score":0.4998164176940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4684315621852875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4100586771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.4037020802497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.22176125645637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.19064146280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.18490704894065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00851349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00851349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.47.6735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.47.6735","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~robin/aireview.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1876810","https://openalex.org/W2751752","https://openalex.org/W30254004","https://openalex.org/W42155603","https://openalex.org/W43766708","https://openalex.org/W123366752","https://openalex.org/W126701707","https://openalex.org/W180132239","https://openalex.org/W196593513","https://openalex.org/W206134729","https://openalex.org/W290578300","https://openalex.org/W1487155516","https://openalex.org/W1488252886","https://openalex.org/W1514583064","https://openalex.org/W1534064252","https://openalex.org/W1568471789","https://openalex.org/W1569107316","https://openalex.org/W1586060904","https://openalex.org/W1587489402","https://openalex.org/W1832360048","https://openalex.org/W1964012309","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W1971844566","https://openalex.org/W1989486238","https://openalex.org/W2000480149","https://openalex.org/W2002108709","https://openalex.org/W2007251230","https://openalex.org/W2010217013","https://openalex.org/W2026319679","https://openalex.org/W2042302669","https://openalex.org/W2064332540","https://openalex.org/W2064891628","https://openalex.org/W2078159316","https://openalex.org/W2078828996","https://openalex.org/W2082137931","https://openalex.org/W2098778086","https://openalex.org/W2118373646","https://openalex.org/W2123987305","https://openalex.org/W2131825035","https://openalex.org/W2142131598","https://openalex.org/W2144862731","https://openalex.org/W2164363491","https://openalex.org/W2170716495","https://openalex.org/W2175268987","https://openalex.org/W2316166351","https://openalex.org/W2322190567","https://openalex.org/W2331240752","https://openalex.org/W2335271477","https://openalex.org/W2335322260","https://openalex.org/W2571532437","https://openalex.org/W2578517644","https://openalex.org/W2950416202","https://openalex.org/W3036961054","https://openalex.org/W3083894204","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4229781645","https://openalex.org/W4242174314","https://openalex.org/W4244355702","https://openalex.org/W4249258521","https://openalex.org/W4255824526","https://openalex.org/W4298232089","https://openalex.org/W4300402905","https://openalex.org/W4300988206","https://openalex.org/W4390824046","https://openalex.org/W6601774579","https://openalex.org/W6605034739","https://openalex.org/W6605104108","https://openalex.org/W6607374312","https://openalex.org/W6629403180","https://openalex.org/W6632002501","https://openalex.org/W6656955203","https://openalex.org/W6678067405","https://openalex.org/W6684840438","https://openalex.org/W6783099777","https://openalex.org/W6945108686","https://openalex.org/W7024467038","https://openalex.org/W7070587864","https://openalex.org/W7071097880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386036461","https://openalex.org/W2515884433","https://openalex.org/W4214603411","https://openalex.org/W2010022641","https://openalex.org/W2013440173","https://openalex.org/W3129739276","https://openalex.org/W2043794661","https://openalex.org/W2896160555","https://openalex.org/W226586525","https://openalex.org/W2048360155"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
