{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084640080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00849181","title":"Language visualisation: Applications and theoretical foundations of a primitive-based approach","display_name":"Language visualisation: Applications and theoretical foundations of a primitive-based approach","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084640080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00849181","mag":"2084640080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00849181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00849181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108070425","display_name":"A. Narayanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111454773","display_name":"David Manuel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4380-6065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Manuel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081448975","display_name":"L. Ford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033558194","display_name":"D. Tallis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Tallis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048750615","display_name":"Masoud Yazdani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-6052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Yazdani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, EX4 4PT, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108070425"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15460456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2-3","first_page":"215","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.844559907913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8442834615707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-language","display_name":"Visual language","score":0.4942372143268585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.45975565910339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4562969207763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-visualization","display_name":"Information visualization","score":0.4396771192550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.41994738578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3792742192745209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3628671169281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36131107807159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19376042485237122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.844559907913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8442834615707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780878386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659648","display_name":"Visual language","level":2,"score":0.4942372143268585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.45975565910339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4562969207763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185578843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775","display_name":"Information visualization","level":3,"score":0.4396771192550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41994738578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3792742192745209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3628671169281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36131107807159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19376042485237122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00849181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00849181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5511432","https://openalex.org/W123366752","https://openalex.org/W126424717","https://openalex.org/W144094200","https://openalex.org/W204429824","https://openalex.org/W1513491352","https://openalex.org/W1973656512","https://openalex.org/W1976070841","https://openalex.org/W2002276585","https://openalex.org/W2005139441","https://openalex.org/W2006134242","https://openalex.org/W2070921605","https://openalex.org/W2081819457","https://openalex.org/W2106742618","https://openalex.org/W2121824810","https://openalex.org/W2142565826","https://openalex.org/W2164018153","https://openalex.org/W2254607097","https://openalex.org/W2411754846","https://openalex.org/W2616381088","https://openalex.org/W2727823315","https://openalex.org/W6605034739","https://openalex.org/W6608346986","https://openalex.org/W6630974924","https://openalex.org/W6676432456","https://openalex.org/W6678176077","https://openalex.org/W6684521151","https://openalex.org/W6691645408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377559894","https://openalex.org/W2105200106","https://openalex.org/W2016648600","https://openalex.org/W2205837543","https://openalex.org/W2157178603","https://openalex.org/W2155831461","https://openalex.org/W2158002945","https://openalex.org/W2172127625","https://openalex.org/W2156634801","https://openalex.org/W2423964256"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}