{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965903866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00113895","title":"A tale of two classifier systems","display_name":"A tale of two classifier systems","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965903866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00113895","mag":"1965903866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00113895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00113895","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00113895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00113895.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110474366","display_name":"George G. Robertson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173498003","display_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0529fxt39","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173498003","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George G. Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thinking Machines Corporation, 245 First Street, 02142, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A","Thinking Machines Corporation, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A. ROBERTSON.PA@XEROX.C ...#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thinking Machines Corporation, 245 First Street, 02142, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thinking Machines Corporation, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A. ROBERTSON.PA@XEROX.C ...#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110114593","display_name":"Rick Riolo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick L. Riolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A","Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. RICK_RIOLO@UM.CC.UMICH.EDU#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. RICK_RIOLO@UM.CC.UMICH.EDU#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110474366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2429,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95137232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2-3","first_page":"139","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7445790767669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7289446592330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6641339063644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6602280139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaining","display_name":"Chaining","score":0.6458274126052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.505685567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.4669989347457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-classifier-system","display_name":"Learning classifier system","score":0.4398711919784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.23671728372573853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7445790767669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7289446592330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6641339063644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6602280139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49020025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059099","display_name":"Chaining","level":2,"score":0.6458274126052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.505685567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.4669989347457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199190896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509276","display_name":"Learning classifier system","level":3,"score":0.4398711919784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.23671728372573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00113895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00113895","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00113895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/46937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/46937>","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/46937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00113895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00113895","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00113895.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62148650","display_name":"Machine Learning","issn_l":"0885-6125","issn":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965903866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965903866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43336110","https://openalex.org/W49513413","https://openalex.org/W105285023","https://openalex.org/W130172231","https://openalex.org/W161400130","https://openalex.org/W192142699","https://openalex.org/W1492417045","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1515745228","https://openalex.org/W1555782997","https://openalex.org/W1560090761","https://openalex.org/W1596324102","https://openalex.org/W1971490797","https://openalex.org/W1999846231","https://openalex.org/W2018642704","https://openalex.org/W2096590200","https://openalex.org/W2098645324","https://openalex.org/W2126926002","https://openalex.org/W2151163048","https://openalex.org/W2151676833","https://openalex.org/W2152632951","https://openalex.org/W2158365276","https://openalex.org/W2316166351","https://openalex.org/W2895774836","https://openalex.org/W2912127016","https://openalex.org/W2914554951","https://openalex.org/W3022593335","https://openalex.org/W3028232160","https://openalex.org/W3037058914","https://openalex.org/W3159585669","https://openalex.org/W3215907522","https://openalex.org/W4210386246","https://openalex.org/W6604339979","https://openalex.org/W6629610141","https://openalex.org/W6660687657","https://openalex.org/W6675012728","https://openalex.org/W6683379451","https://openalex.org/W6807110475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971758741","https://openalex.org/W4364374183","https://openalex.org/W2917666173","https://openalex.org/W2156006853","https://openalex.org/W4306321456","https://openalex.org/W4388555444","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4285046548","https://openalex.org/W2090182691","https://openalex.org/W4213073923"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}