{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991001191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1699-3_9","title":"Applying Softmax Classifiers to Open Set","display_name":"Applying Softmax Classifiers to Open Set","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991001191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1699-3_9","mag":"2991001191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1699-3_9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1699-3_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082582353","display_name":"Darren Webb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Darren Webb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber and Electronic Warfare Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber and Electronic Warfare Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082582353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71087209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"104","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9372860193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.9096118211746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6957488059997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.683127224445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5783246755599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5443063378334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5309065580368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.483432412147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.441165566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-set","display_name":"Open set","score":0.43165016174316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.4105529487133026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36114975810050964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3375836908817291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18146353960037231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9372860193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.9096118211746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6957488059997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.683127224445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5783246755599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5443063378334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5309065580368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.483432412147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.441165566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42357961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213363","display_name":"Open set","level":2,"score":0.43165016174316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4105529487133026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36114975810050964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3375836908817291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18146353960037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1699-3_9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1699-3_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114520447","https://openalex.org/W2052615152","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2133604244","https://openalex.org/W2161251616","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2750601856","https://openalex.org/W2890884881","https://openalex.org/W2898413119","https://openalex.org/W2902920262","https://openalex.org/W2952053192","https://openalex.org/W2952516877","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W3000506106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W2590796488","https://openalex.org/W3107204728","https://openalex.org/W4287591324","https://openalex.org/W2771907641","https://openalex.org/W4283819496"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}