{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2567948266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12","title":"A View of the Em Algorithm that Justifies Incremental, Sparse, and other Variants","display_name":"A View of the Em Algorithm that Justifies Incremental, Sparse, and other Variants","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2567948266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12","mag":"2567948266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning in Graphical Models","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062571011","display_name":"Radford M. Neal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radford M. Neal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Statistics and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Statistics and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108093963","display_name":"Geoffrey E. Hinton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey E. Hinton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":64.9511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2191,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99936245,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"355","last_page":"368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10968","display_name":"Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.6426361799240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6290727853775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5360773801803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.529769241809845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5022902488708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.47566646337509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-probability-distribution","display_name":"Conditional probability distribution","score":0.46000343561172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.44999492168426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3954934775829315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.38960617780685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3637724816799164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25728753209114075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6426361799240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6290727853775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5360773801803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.529769241809845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5022902488708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.47566646337509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43555835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300258","display_name":"Conditional probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.46000343561172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.44999492168426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3954934775829315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.38960617780685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3637724816799164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25728753209114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning in Graphical Models","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.33.2557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.33.2557","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~quaid/course/readings/F.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581152777","https://openalex.org/W1580495158","https://openalex.org/W1991278573","https://openalex.org/W2024476015","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W3193262203"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978153144","https://openalex.org/W102848802","https://openalex.org/W2982058819","https://openalex.org/W2130734797","https://openalex.org/W3176361882","https://openalex.org/W2025556230","https://openalex.org/W2150061385","https://openalex.org/W1544505002","https://openalex.org/W1607666867","https://openalex.org/W1512911331"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":106},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":124},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":110},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":112},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":124}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}