{"id":"https://openalex.org/W138964724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43616-5_15","title":"Image Pre-processing Techniques for Enhancing the Performance of Real-Time Face Recognition System Using PCA","display_name":"Image Pre-processing Techniques for Enhancing the Performance of Real-Time Face Recognition System Using PCA","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W138964724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43616-5_15","mag":"138964724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43616-5_15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43616-5_15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212400","display_name":"Intelligent systems reference library","issn_l":"1868-4394","issn":["1868-4394","1868-4408"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Systems Reference Library","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060067929","display_name":"Behzad Nazarbakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3398-905X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Behzad Nazarbakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Informatics School (UTM AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Wilayah Persekutuan, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Informatics School (UTM AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Wilayah Persekutuan, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109247684","display_name":"Azizah Abd Manaf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azizah Abd Manaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Informatics School (UTM AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Wilayah Persekutuan, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Informatics School (UTM AIS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Wilayah Persekutuan, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060067929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7785,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66304348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"383","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.786178469657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7365103960037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6711132526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6707494258880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6602941155433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6293262243270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5380022525787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5190733075141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haar-like-features","display_name":"Haar-like features","score":0.5008759498596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4701825678348541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4474503993988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.39484110474586487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.786178469657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7365103960037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6711132526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6707494258880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6602941155433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6293262243270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5380022525787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5190733075141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123134398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493819","display_name":"Haar-like features","level":5,"score":0.5008759498596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4701825678348541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4474503993988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39484110474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43616-5_15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43616-5_15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212400","display_name":"Intelligent systems reference library","issn_l":"1868-4394","issn":["1868-4394","1868-4408"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Systems Reference Library","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57796367","https://openalex.org/W139631369","https://openalex.org/W891929648","https://openalex.org/W1494832087","https://openalex.org/W1499786646","https://openalex.org/W1540347880","https://openalex.org/W1559519111","https://openalex.org/W1560347837","https://openalex.org/W1577742532","https://openalex.org/W1591264412","https://openalex.org/W1596088243","https://openalex.org/W1603528469","https://openalex.org/W1907941930","https://openalex.org/W1975961587","https://openalex.org/W1982813402","https://openalex.org/W2021566651","https://openalex.org/W2032895571","https://openalex.org/W2042999093","https://openalex.org/W2073105997","https://openalex.org/W2084319905","https://openalex.org/W2089272933","https://openalex.org/W2105931158","https://openalex.org/W2108767394","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2120813138","https://openalex.org/W2122390006","https://openalex.org/W2123736354","https://openalex.org/W2124925761","https://openalex.org/W2125183076","https://openalex.org/W2132964930","https://openalex.org/W2134083628","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2154872931","https://openalex.org/W2257701179","https://openalex.org/W2349179457","https://openalex.org/W2480110611","https://openalex.org/W2483502317","https://openalex.org/W2501907080","https://openalex.org/W2748151992","https://openalex.org/W2993281142","https://openalex.org/W3105618878","https://openalex.org/W4249348869","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301792466","https://openalex.org/W6600297362","https://openalex.org/W6602704705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135341440","https://openalex.org/W3009637957","https://openalex.org/W2431444032","https://openalex.org/W1970925716","https://openalex.org/W4318606103","https://openalex.org/W1560709653","https://openalex.org/W1575861008","https://openalex.org/W2585703169","https://openalex.org/W3019195134","https://openalex.org/W4285815683"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
