{"id":"https://openalex.org/W186260531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07675-0_6","title":"Contextual Grammars and Formal Languages","display_name":"Contextual Grammars and Formal Languages","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W186260531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07675-0_6","mag":"186260531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07675-0_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07675-0_6","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Handbook of Formal Languages","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045244980","display_name":"Andrzej Ehrenfeucht","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Ehrenfeucht","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110573976","display_name":"Gheorghe P\u01ceun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gheorghe P\u0103un","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110486000","display_name":"Grzegorz Rozenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Rozenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9512, NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands","Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus 430, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9512, NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus 430, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7225,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97319202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"237","last_page":"293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.2535000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.2535000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.7369215488433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6143675446510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-adjoining-grammar","display_name":"Tree-adjoining grammar","score":0.597796618938446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-language","display_name":"Formal language","score":0.5100992321968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-sensitive-grammar","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","score":0.5033265948295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4742759168148041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4692806005477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-grammar","display_name":"Formal grammar","score":0.43018126487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-attributed-grammar","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","score":0.41812068223953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3914986550807953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36870309710502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.3564158082008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08708998560905457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7369215488433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6143675446510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134083981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754022","display_name":"Tree-adjoining grammar","level":4,"score":0.597796618938446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146072743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192161","display_name":"Formal language","level":2,"score":0.5100992321968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125950753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908674","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","level":4,"score":0.5033265948295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4742759168148041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4692806005477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171553443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373045","display_name":"Formal grammar","level":3,"score":0.43018126487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67621940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113340","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","level":4,"score":0.41812068223953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3914986550807953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36870309710502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.3564158082008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08708998560905457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07675-0_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07675-0_6","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Handbook of Formal Languages","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90597362","https://openalex.org/W147137540","https://openalex.org/W657735764","https://openalex.org/W1504336442","https://openalex.org/W1515624550","https://openalex.org/W1561758320","https://openalex.org/W1569437576","https://openalex.org/W1582031353","https://openalex.org/W2014022962","https://openalex.org/W2051419196","https://openalex.org/W2058302256","https://openalex.org/W2066890969","https://openalex.org/W2067894456","https://openalex.org/W2078182967","https://openalex.org/W2080935824","https://openalex.org/W2086119518","https://openalex.org/W2089548442","https://openalex.org/W2097638537","https://openalex.org/W2114340842","https://openalex.org/W2146491263","https://openalex.org/W2151892345","https://openalex.org/W2165766266","https://openalex.org/W2251734789","https://openalex.org/W2259917380","https://openalex.org/W2283023572","https://openalex.org/W2317116408","https://openalex.org/W2337574781","https://openalex.org/W2400382669","https://openalex.org/W2402109668","https://openalex.org/W2408152130","https://openalex.org/W2479946866","https://openalex.org/W2480726052","https://openalex.org/W2486286630","https://openalex.org/W2621319335","https://openalex.org/W2733788009","https://openalex.org/W2911830436","https://openalex.org/W2914032487","https://openalex.org/W2914385399","https://openalex.org/W3162507233","https://openalex.org/W4212796492","https://openalex.org/W4212990661","https://openalex.org/W4237486091","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388481545","https://openalex.org/W2792956200","https://openalex.org/W1566079456","https://openalex.org/W1847229592","https://openalex.org/W4117655","https://openalex.org/W2543110176","https://openalex.org/W4386698224","https://openalex.org/W4229721093","https://openalex.org/W2095246953","https://openalex.org/W2040748237"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}