{"id":"https://openalex.org/W170777601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56980-7_5","title":"Difference: a key to enrich knowledge \u2014 Concepts and Models","display_name":"Difference: a key to enrich knowledge \u2014 Concepts and Models","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W170777601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56980-7_5","mag":"170777601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56980-7_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56980-7_5","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Conflicts","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089930686","display_name":"Laurent Chaudron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-5607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1337250831","display_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9x3v85","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282113950","https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130108","display_name":"Centre d'\u00c9tude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir","ror":"https://ror.org/02hbzmb19","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210130108","https://openalex.org/I4210133643","https://openalex.org/I4210139971","https://openalex.org/I4210152422"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Chaudron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","Onera-Cert, Toulouse,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert, Toulouse,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022448200","display_name":"Humbert Fiorino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-5549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1337250831","display_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9x3v85","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282113950","https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130108","display_name":"Centre d'\u00c9tude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir","ror":"https://ror.org/02hbzmb19","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210130108","https://openalex.org/I4210133643","https://openalex.org/I4210139971","https://openalex.org/I4210152422"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humbert Fiorino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","Onera-Cert, Toulouse,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert, Toulouse,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086298082","display_name":"Nicolas Maille","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1337250831","display_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9x3v85","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282113950","https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130108","display_name":"Centre d'\u00c9tude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir","ror":"https://ror.org/02hbzmb19","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210130108","https://openalex.org/I4210133643","https://openalex.org/I4210139971","https://openalex.org/I4210152422"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Maille","raw_affiliation_strings":["Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","Onera-Cert, Toulouse,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert, Toulouse,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112671871","display_name":"Catherine Tessier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1337250831","display_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9x3v85","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282113950","https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130108","display_name":"Centre d'\u00c9tude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir","ror":"https://ror.org/02hbzmb19","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210130108","https://openalex.org/I4210133643","https://openalex.org/I4210139971","https://openalex.org/I4210152422"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Tessier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","Onera-Cert, Toulouse,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Onera-Cert, Toulouse,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1337250831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57712305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"82","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.24979999661445618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.24979999661445618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.07519999891519547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.06390000134706497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6122915148735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6112326383590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5251027345657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5183466672897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5000724792480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elaboration","display_name":"Elaboration","score":0.45966020226478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.4558202028274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4361346364021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.430003821849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3661743998527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3522135317325592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.27284765243530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.11875110864639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11864203214645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10110348463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10052251815795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanities","display_name":"Humanities","score":0.08322018384933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.04692476987838745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6122915148735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6112326383590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5251027345657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5183466672897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5000724792480469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779192218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16944486","display_name":"Elaboration","level":2,"score":0.45966020226478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4558202028274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4361346364021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.430003821849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3661743998527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3522135317325592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27284765243530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11875110864639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11864203214645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10110348463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10052251815795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.08322018384933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.04692476987838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56980-7_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56980-7_5","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Conflicts","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.24.5109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.24.5109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cert.fr/pub/DCSD/PSEV/Articles/livre99.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360463189","https://openalex.org/W2243483294","https://openalex.org/W2737431228","https://openalex.org/W1981626964","https://openalex.org/W3152809308","https://openalex.org/W2022412634","https://openalex.org/W4238533886","https://openalex.org/W2133995770","https://openalex.org/W2067521059","https://openalex.org/W3135310323"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
