{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4236685397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45358-8_5","title":"Language Modeling","display_name":"Language Modeling","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4236685397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45358-8_5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45358-8_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45358-8_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206418","display_name":"Theory and applications of natural language processing","issn_l":"2192-032X","issn":["2192-032X","2192-0338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018515711","display_name":"Ilana Heintz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-2376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ilana Heintz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech, Language and Multimedia, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech, Language and Multimedia, Raytheon BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018515711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34675349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"161","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.794455885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7031395435333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semitic-languages","display_name":"Semitic languages","score":0.644646167755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.590510368347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5608310103416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5359950661659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.5345373153686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4853898286819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.4757799208164215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.45079898834228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2798813581466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension-approach","display_name":"Comprehension approach","score":0.17881539463996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.15568259358406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.07366448640823364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.794455885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7031395435333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132165367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34049","display_name":"Semitic languages","level":3,"score":0.644646167755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.590510368347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5608310103416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5359950661659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.5345373153686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4853898286819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.4757799208164215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.45079898834228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2798813581466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.17881539463996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.15568259358406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.07366448640823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45358-8_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45358-8_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206418","display_name":"Theory and applications of natural language processing","issn_l":"2192-032X","issn":["2192-032X","2192-0338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W813000","https://openalex.org/W6397387","https://openalex.org/W14331692","https://openalex.org/W50642703","https://openalex.org/W62305045","https://openalex.org/W95829446","https://openalex.org/W120322644","https://openalex.org/W156297382","https://openalex.org/W1495314497","https://openalex.org/W1597533204","https://openalex.org/W1707124376","https://openalex.org/W1797288984","https://openalex.org/W1895315011","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1981287915","https://openalex.org/W1989705153","https://openalex.org/W1996903695","https://openalex.org/W2012026885","https://openalex.org/W2020749563","https://openalex.org/W2040573798","https://openalex.org/W2053306448","https://openalex.org/W2063918473","https://openalex.org/W2066558940","https://openalex.org/W2069712814","https://openalex.org/W2075201173","https://openalex.org/W2077444666","https://openalex.org/W2096244280","https://openalex.org/W2097341304","https://openalex.org/W2098603082","https://openalex.org/W2099345940","https://openalex.org/W2101564109","https://openalex.org/W2102667697","https://openalex.org/W2103589071","https://openalex.org/W2110372834","https://openalex.org/W2113641473","https://openalex.org/W2114858359","https://openalex.org/W2115084322","https://openalex.org/W2116625254","https://openalex.org/W2118714763","https://openalex.org/W2128014038","https://openalex.org/W2130917146","https://openalex.org/W2132957691","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2146183716","https://openalex.org/W2148127479","https://openalex.org/W2148392518","https://openalex.org/W2152277656","https://openalex.org/W2156700117","https://openalex.org/W2158025800","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2501398076","https://openalex.org/W2759336060","https://openalex.org/W3211848854","https://openalex.org/W4234588445","https://openalex.org/W4302312245","https://openalex.org/W4303080512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3213549959","https://openalex.org/W3129739276","https://openalex.org/W2375316501","https://openalex.org/W1998541766","https://openalex.org/W2064542902","https://openalex.org/W2262900283","https://openalex.org/W2913520953","https://openalex.org/W4310801723","https://openalex.org/W2098508228","https://openalex.org/W2383292628"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
