{"id":"https://openalex.org/W106528892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","title":"BLAKE2: Simpler, Smaller, Fast as MD5","display_name":"BLAKE2: Simpler, Smaller, Fast as MD5","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W106528892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","mag":"106528892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38980-1_8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38980-1_8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113509831","display_name":"Jean-Philippe Aumasson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116793","display_name":"Kudelski (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/022m5tt98","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116793"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Philippe Aumasson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kudelski Security, Switzerland","Kudelski Security, Switzerland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kudelski Security, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kudelski Security, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047636942","display_name":"Samuel Neves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-376X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Neves","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Coimbra, Portugal","University of Coimbra, Portugal \u2020,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Coimbra, Portugal \u2020,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054502939","display_name":"Zooko Wilcox-O\u2019Hearn","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zooko Wilcox-O\u2019Hearn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Least Authority Enterprises, USA","Least Authority Enterprises#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Least Authority Enterprises, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Least Authority Enterprises#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054373461","display_name":"Christian Winnerlein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-6671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Winnerlein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany","[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":16.9396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":271,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99394022,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"119","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8751806616783142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.7774916291236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/md5","display_name":"MD5","score":0.7364240884780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.5393317937850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.525269627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.5028159022331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.46505483984947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4612163305282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simd","display_name":"SIMD","score":0.43662229180336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-hashing","display_name":"Linear hashing","score":0.41331297159194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.40480703115463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-hashing","display_name":"Double hashing","score":0.272408664226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2697417140007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2408016324043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2059217393398285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1275695562362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10998249053955078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8751806616783142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.7774916291236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157172786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185235","display_name":"MD5","level":3,"score":0.7364240884780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.5393317937850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.525269627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.5028159022331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.46505483984947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4612163305282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150552126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339387","display_name":"SIMD","level":2,"score":0.43662229180336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36375716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553456","display_name":"Linear hashing","level":5,"score":0.41331297159194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.40480703115463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138111711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478351","display_name":"Double hashing","level":4,"score":0.272408664226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2697417140007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2408016324043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2059217393398285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1275695562362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10998249053955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38980-1_8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38980-1_8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38980-1_8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W106528892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W106528892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6911803","https://openalex.org/W81015123","https://openalex.org/W91031763","https://openalex.org/W200599792","https://openalex.org/W601287751","https://openalex.org/W1512933114","https://openalex.org/W1553650484","https://openalex.org/W1608572227","https://openalex.org/W1831862684","https://openalex.org/W2098393963","https://openalex.org/W2146923862","https://openalex.org/W2154964832","https://openalex.org/W2220859535","https://openalex.org/W2399749264","https://openalex.org/W2400117718","https://openalex.org/W2403810600","https://openalex.org/W2740230064","https://openalex.org/W3030563642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3181519562","https://openalex.org/W2249621009","https://openalex.org/W2181324396","https://openalex.org/W203964163","https://openalex.org/W2525619314","https://openalex.org/W1674074891","https://openalex.org/W4285239590","https://openalex.org/W3019380737","https://openalex.org/W4210533431","https://openalex.org/W4256111768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,79],"present":[1],"the":[2,10,105,120],"hash":[3],"function":[4],"BLAKE2,":[5],"an":[6],"improved":[7],"version":[8,27],"of":[9,62,98,108,119],"SHA-3":[11,122],"finalist":[12],"BLAKE":[13,109],"optimized":[14,38],"for":[15,39,44,135],"speed":[16],"in":[17,32,144],"software.":[18],"Target":[19],"applications":[20],"include":[21],"cloud":[22],"storage,":[23],"intrusion":[24],"detection,":[25],"or":[26,146],"control":[28],"systems.":[29],"BLAKE2":[30,50,103,130],"comes":[31],"two":[33],"main":[34],"flavors:":[35],"BLAKE2b":[36],"is":[37,51],"64-bit":[40,48],"platforms,":[41,49],"and":[42,84,91,124],"BLAKE2s":[43],"smaller":[45,116,126],"architectures.":[46],"On":[47],"often":[52],"faster":[53],"than":[54,117,127],"MD5,":[55],"yet":[56],"provides":[57,131],"security":[58],"similar":[59],"to":[60,65,70,89,111],"that":[61,86],"SHA-3:":[63],"up":[64,88],"256-bit":[66],"collision":[67],"resistance,":[68],"immunity":[69],"length":[71],"extension,":[72],"indifferentiability":[73],"from":[74],"a":[75,132],"random":[76],"oracle,":[77],"etc.":[78],"specify":[80],"parallel":[81],"versions":[82],"BLAKE2bp":[83],"BLAKE2sp":[85],"are":[87],"4":[90],"8":[92],"times":[93],"faster,":[94],"by":[95],"taking":[96],"advantage":[97],"SIMD":[99],"and/or":[100],"multiple":[101],"cores.":[102],"reduces":[104],"RAM":[106],"requirements":[107],"down":[110],"168":[112],"bytes,":[113],"making":[114],"it":[115,143],"any":[118],"five":[121],"finalists,":[123],"32%":[125],"BLAKE.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"comprehensive":[133],"support":[134],"tree-hashing":[136],"as":[137,139],"well":[138],"keyed":[140],"hashing":[141],"(be":[142],"sequential":[145],"tree":[147],"mode).":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}