{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005075587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3","title":"Knowware: The Third Star after Hardware and Software","display_name":"Knowware: The Third Star after Hardware and Software","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005075587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3","mag":"2005075587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077612350","display_name":"David Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, UK","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University, Belfast, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University, Belfast, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University, Belfast, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103120331","display_name":"Ying Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0524-1818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056628026","display_name":"Ruqian Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-8575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120485","display_name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02jkmyk67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqian Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037325282","display_name":"Kaile Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6741-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaile Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110294192","display_name":"Songmao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120485","display_name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02jkmyk67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210120485"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songmao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120485","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077612350"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16176471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.25999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11891","display_name":"Big Data and Business Intelligence","score":0.25999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.85001140832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5833908915519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star","display_name":"Star (game theory)","score":0.5660517811775208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.4248586595058441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4030495882034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3733823597431183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.14633864164352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07844403386116028}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.85001140832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5833908915519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780897414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600592","display_name":"Star (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5660517811775208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.4248586595058441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4030495882034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3733823597431183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.14633864164352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07844403386116028}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/41753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/41753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2418291489","https://openalex.org/W4389620322","https://openalex.org/W4310846410","https://openalex.org/W3084489576","https://openalex.org/W2898392447","https://openalex.org/W4213045488","https://openalex.org/W4299129484","https://openalex.org/W2736583656","https://openalex.org/W2075768084","https://openalex.org/W2934597797"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
