{"id":"https://openalex.org/W153886719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0","title":"What Is an Ontology?","display_name":"What Is an Ontology?","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W153886719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0","mag":"153886719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Handbook on Ontologies","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053715134","display_name":"Nicola Guarino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-8853"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Guarino","raw_affiliation_strings":["ITSC-CNR, Laboratory for Applied Ontology, Trento, Italy","Laboratory for Applied Ontology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ITSC-CNR, Laboratory for Applied Ontology, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Applied Ontology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030546641","display_name":"Daniel Oberle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119349","display_name":"Karlsruhe University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01t1kq612","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Oberle","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAP Research, CEC Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany","CEC Karlsruhe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAP Research, CEC Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEC Karlsruhe","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062807811","display_name":"Steffen Staab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0780-4154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802076133","display_name":"University of Koblenz and Landau","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9f6752","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802076133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153937","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Koblenz","ror":"https://ror.org/0433e6t24","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153937"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Staab","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Koblenz-Landau, ISWeb, Koblenz, Germany","ISWeb"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Koblenz-Landau, ISWeb, Koblenz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802076133","https://openalex.org/I4387153937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISWeb","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053715134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.8449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99828448,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptualization","display_name":"Conceptualization","score":0.9138748645782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.7643420100212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6702993512153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5173444151878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-ontology","display_name":"Process ontology","score":0.45423030853271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.35284632444381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2696998119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16698136925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.15354904532432556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.9138748645782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.7643420100212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6702993512153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5173444151878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137003198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247296","display_name":"Process ontology","level":3,"score":0.45423030853271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.35284632444381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2696998119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16698136925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15354904532432556}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Handbook on Ontologies","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.175.2138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.175.2138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.uni-koblenz.de/%7Estaab/Research/Publications/2009/handbookEdition2/what-is-an-ontology.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.420.6612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.420.6612","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://userpages.uni-koblenz.de/~staab/Research/Publications/2009/whatIsAnOntology.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:ihichp:978-3-540-92673-3_0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93531564","https://openalex.org/W173647602","https://openalex.org/W611618653","https://openalex.org/W885340644","https://openalex.org/W1480711285","https://openalex.org/W1519238856","https://openalex.org/W1589303317","https://openalex.org/W1796058516","https://openalex.org/W1991183254","https://openalex.org/W2012170877","https://openalex.org/W2032117162","https://openalex.org/W2042037135","https://openalex.org/W2062719791","https://openalex.org/W2104942450","https://openalex.org/W2133109597","https://openalex.org/W2137079713","https://openalex.org/W2139212084","https://openalex.org/W2154773307","https://openalex.org/W2160632926","https://openalex.org/W3169784426","https://openalex.org/W4211142623","https://openalex.org/W7058114706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804669904","https://openalex.org/W2363188691","https://openalex.org/W2223008607","https://openalex.org/W2726617685","https://openalex.org/W1953363106","https://openalex.org/W2114954739","https://openalex.org/W2889792096","https://openalex.org/W2589434863","https://openalex.org/W1506177826","https://openalex.org/W2357775360"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":46}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
