{"id":"https://openalex.org/W253016372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_45","title":"Nonsynonymous to Synonymous Substitution Ratio $k_{\\mathrm a}/k_{\\mathrm s}$ : Measurement for Rate of Evolution in Evolutionary Computation","display_name":"Nonsynonymous to Synonymous Substitution Ratio $k_{\\mathrm a}/k_{\\mathrm s}$ : Measurement for Rate of Evolution in Evolutionary Computation","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W253016372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_45","mag":"253016372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_45","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101965823","display_name":"Ting Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004837138","display_name":"Wolfgang Banzhaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-3245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Banzhaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101965823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80592593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"448","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonsynonymous-substitution","display_name":"Nonsynonymous substitution","score":0.8495596647262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","score":0.6723421812057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-evolution","display_name":"Rate of evolution","score":0.5904921293258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synonymous-substitution","display_name":"Synonymous substitution","score":0.5559666752815247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.533656895160675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Interactive evolutionary computation","score":0.5248183012008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5150361061096191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.47635340690612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4459373950958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41930240392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.41655975580215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-strategy","display_name":"Evolution strategy","score":0.4106888771057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3667140007019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-programming","display_name":"Evolutionary programming","score":0.2980145215988159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.23973572254180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23180827498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.22136154770851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.1813393533229828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetics","display_name":"Phylogenetics","score":0.16526895761489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genome","display_name":"Genome","score":0.1292150318622589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codon-usage-bias","display_name":"Codon usage bias","score":0.11990147829055786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149904235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049620","display_name":"Nonsynonymous substitution","level":4,"score":0.8495596647262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.6723421812057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777949028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25303868","display_name":"Rate of evolution","level":4,"score":0.5904921293258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138025448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662597","display_name":"Synonymous substitution","level":5,"score":0.5559666752815247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.533656895160675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123189799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045380","display_name":"Interactive evolutionary computation","level":4,"score":0.5248183012008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5150361061096191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.47635340690612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4459373950958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41930240392684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41655975580215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207002847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912857","display_name":"Evolution strategy","level":3,"score":0.4106888771057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3667140007019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121835503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2596288","display_name":"Evolutionary programming","level":3,"score":0.2980145215988159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.23973572254180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23180827498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.22136154770851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.1813393533229828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.16526895761489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.1292150318622589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87253356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106472","display_name":"Codon usage bias","level":4,"score":0.11990147829055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_45","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135895241","https://openalex.org/W1517016597","https://openalex.org/W1993054962","https://openalex.org/W2050412782","https://openalex.org/W2072396808","https://openalex.org/W2100604298","https://openalex.org/W2101513692","https://openalex.org/W2132196970","https://openalex.org/W2144368480","https://openalex.org/W4238753141","https://openalex.org/W4245407374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136933345","https://openalex.org/W2342432474","https://openalex.org/W2162875530","https://openalex.org/W1991274836","https://openalex.org/W2034801521","https://openalex.org/W1984624065","https://openalex.org/W2063814578","https://openalex.org/W1988493914","https://openalex.org/W2133568873","https://openalex.org/W2136749660"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}