{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1508191694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","title":"An Attack Graph-Based Probabilistic Security Metric","display_name":"An Attack Graph-Based Probabilistic Security Metric","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1508191694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","mag":"1508191694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70567-3_22.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70567-3_22.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730397","display_name":"Lingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada QC H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada QC H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042795176","display_name":"Tania Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2735-1834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tania Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada QC H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada QC H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083325807","display_name":"Tao Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4029-2960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada QC H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada QC H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088206056","display_name":"Anoop Singhal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-3927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anoop Singhal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA MD 20899#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA MD 20899#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010727123","display_name":"Sushil Jajodia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3210-558X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushil Jajodia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA","Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA VA 22030-4444"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA VA 22030-4444","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100730397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.9554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":379,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99724843,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"283","last_page":"296"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.49059998989105225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.49059998989105225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.13680000603199005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.0340999998152256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7401952743530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7222248315811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7081819772720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6495217084884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5586886405944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5263527631759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5178859233856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1844397783279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11720249056816101}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7401952743530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7222248315811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7081819772720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6495217084884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5586886405944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5263527631759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5178859233856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1844397783279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11720249056816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70567-3_22.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.465.9269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.465.9269","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://people.cis.ksu.edu/~halmohri/files/An Attack Graph-Based Probabilistic Security Metric.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.544.2184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.544.2184","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~wang/papers/dbsec08.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70567-3_22","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70567-3_22.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G247257142","display_name":"CT-ISG: Collaborative Research: Intrusion Detection Techniques for Voice over IP","funder_award_id":"0627493","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4826460352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N01035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6436068380","display_name":"Controlled Release of Information Based on Contents","funder_award_id":"0242237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G692513104","display_name":"COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Privacy-aware Information Release Control","funder_award_id":"0430402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306110","display_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","ror":"https://ror.org/00jyr0d86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1508191694.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1508191694.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63046450","https://openalex.org/W153010205","https://openalex.org/W190850219","https://openalex.org/W1483652549","https://openalex.org/W1483760347","https://openalex.org/W1507203022","https://openalex.org/W1515452738","https://openalex.org/W1550792582","https://openalex.org/W1587970460","https://openalex.org/W2009470162","https://openalex.org/W2033082111","https://openalex.org/W2044721700","https://openalex.org/W2054127354","https://openalex.org/W2064553186","https://openalex.org/W2073097601","https://openalex.org/W2077937403","https://openalex.org/W2083658929","https://openalex.org/W2099103357","https://openalex.org/W2101438812","https://openalex.org/W2104588447","https://openalex.org/W2117694832","https://openalex.org/W2121805588","https://openalex.org/W2122269808","https://openalex.org/W2129586531","https://openalex.org/W2141289698","https://openalex.org/W2151369956","https://openalex.org/W2169941120","https://openalex.org/W2272418135","https://openalex.org/W2478028046","https://openalex.org/W2628526097","https://openalex.org/W2729090503","https://openalex.org/W3151897591","https://openalex.org/W4244110422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W3121175838","https://openalex.org/W3016293053","https://openalex.org/W2401723157","https://openalex.org/W2952904874","https://openalex.org/W4297690216","https://openalex.org/W2053033682","https://openalex.org/W2021227483"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-05-27T09:02:27.158192","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}